Tun farkon wayewar ɗan adam, tarihi ya shaidi bullar wasu manyan tunani na gaske waɗanda suka bar tambarin da ba za a taɓa mantawa da su ba. Fitattun mutane a fagagen kimiyya, lissafi, falsafa, fasaha, da adabi sun wadata tarihin ɗan adam ta hanyoyi da yawa. Yayin da wasu daga cikin waɗannan manyan masu hankali suka sauƙaƙa rayuwarmu ta hanyar haɓaka fasaha masu amfani, wasu kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga kimiyyar likitanci, waɗanda ke ba mu damar rayuwa mafi koshin lafiya. Al’umma da wayewa sun ci gaba zuwa inda muke a yau saboda ayyukan da wadannan masu hangen nesa suka yi da kuma wasu da dama da suka bi sawunsu.
Anan akwai manyan masu hankali 20 a tarihi.
1. Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday masani ne dan kasar Ingila wanda ya bada gudumawa wajen nazarin kimiyyar lantarki da lantarki. Babban abubuwan bincikensa sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin da ke ƙarƙashin induction electromagnetic, diamagnetism da electrolysis. Ana lissafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masana kimiyya mafi tasiri a tarihi. An ce Albert Einstein ya sami wahayi sosai daga Faraday.
2 Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla ɗan Sabiya-Ba-Amurke mai ƙirƙira ne, injiniyan lantarki, injiniyan injiniya, kuma ɗan gaba wanda aka fi sani da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙirar tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na zamani (AC). Abubuwan da ya samu suna da yawa saboda yana da kusan haƙƙin mallaka 300 a ƙarƙashin sunansa a cikin ƙasashe 26 daban-daban. Tesla kuma ya ƙirƙiri na'ura mai nisa na farko, x-ray na farko, kuma ya taimaka ƙirƙirar masana'antar wutar lantarki ta farko.
3. Archimedes
Archimedes na Syracuse masanin lissafin Girka ne, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, injiniya, masanin taurari, kuma mai ƙirƙira daga tsohon birnin Syracuse a Sicily. Ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya a zamanin da. Archimedes shine mutum na farko da yayi amfani da ilimin lissafi mai amfani don kwatanta duniyar zahiri. Alal misali, ya gano kuma ya tsara dokokin levers da jakunkuna, waɗanda a yau suna ba mu damar motsa abubuwa masu nauyi da ƙananan ƙarfi.
An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban masanin lissafi na tsohon tarihi, kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a kowane lokaci, Archimedes ya yi tsammanin lissafin zamani da bincike ta hanyar amfani da ra'ayi na ƙananan ƙananan da kuma hanyar gajiya don samowa da kuma tabbatar da tsauraran ra'ayi na geometrical, ciki har da : yankin da'irar; sararin saman da ƙarar wani yanki; yanki na ellipse; yankin karkashin parabola; ƙarar wani yanki na paraboloid na juyin juya hali; ƙarar wani yanki na hyperboloid na juyin juya hali; da yankin karkace.
Ya kuma gano ka'idar buoyancy wadda ke ba da damar manyan jiragen ruwa na karfe su ci gaba da shawagi a cikin tekuna. Archimedes kuma shine farkon wanda yayi amfani da ma'auni a cikin lissafi don rubutawa da ayyana manyan lambobi. Ya samo madaidaicin ƙimar pi. Wataƙila ya fi shahara don ƙirƙira ingantattun injunan yaƙi waɗanda suka hana Romawa Tsohuwa daga kama Syracuse na shekaru da yawa.
4. Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton masanin lissafi ne, masanin ilmin lissafi, ilmin taurari, masanin kimiyya, masanin ilimin tauhidi, kuma marubuci (wanda aka kwatanta a zamaninsa a matsayin “masanin falsafa”) wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan malaman lissafi da physicists na kowane lokaci kuma daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya. Ya kasance jigo a juyin falsafar da aka fi sani da Haske.
Littafinsa Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Ka'idodin Lissafi na Falsafa na Halitta), wanda aka fara bugawa a 1687, ya kafa injiniyoyi na gargajiya, yana bayyana ka'idar nauyi da ka'idodin motsi. Dokokin motsi uku na Newton sun fi tasiri akan kimiyya fiye da kowane yanki na aiki. Wadannan dokoki sun kai ga kula da nauyi a matsayin karfi na duniya, sun kai ga gano taurari, kuma daga karshe zuwa sararin samaniya.
Har ila yau Newton ya ba da gudummawar seminal ga kimiyyar gani, kuma ya ba da lada ga masanin lissafin Jamus Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz don haɓaka ƙididdiga marasa iyaka, wanda zai iya magance yawancin matsalolin kimiyya, tattalin arziki, da injiniya waɗanda algebra ba za su iya ba. Ya ƙirƙiri na'urar hangen nesa mai haskakawa, shine farkon wanda ya karya hasken haske zuwa launuka ta amfani da prism.
5. Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing masanin lissafin Ingilishi ne, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, masani, cryptanalyst, falsafa, kuma masanin ilimin halitta. Turing ya kasance mai tasiri sosai a cikin haɓaka ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta na ka'idar, yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ra'ayoyin algorithm da ƙididdiga tare da na'urar Turing, wanda za'a iya la'akari da samfurin kwamfuta mai mahimmanci. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin uban ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta da basirar wucin gadi.
6. Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci masanin ilimin kimiyyar Italiyanci ne na Babban Renaissance wanda ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai zane, draughtman, injiniya, masanin kimiyya, masanin ka'ida, sculptor da gine-gine. Yana da wuya a sami wani a cikin tarihi wanda ya fi ƙwarewa a faɗin wurare daban-daban fiye da Da Vinci. Babban ilmin lissafi, Da Vinci ya binciki ilmin jikin mutum, ilmin taurari, ilmin halitta, zane-zane, zane-zane, da ilmin burbushin halittu.
Ya kasance mai fasaha, sculptor kuma ana yaba shi da samun tunanin da ba a taɓa gani ba da kuma ikon ƙirƙira sababbin ra'ayoyi. An yaba masa da ƙirƙirori da binciken kimiyya marasa adadi. Misali, ya kirkiro tanki shekaru 400 kafin ya zama gaskiya. Ya kera injin Knight wanda aka fi sani da robot Leonardo. Ya zana rigar rigar ruwa ta zamani.
Kuma ya yi tunanin parachute, helikwafta, da kayan saukarwa kafin lokacinsu. A cikin ilimin halittar jiki, Da Vinci ya gudanar da mafi cikakken bincike na jikin ɗan adam da aka taɓa gudanarwa. Kafin karni na 20, bincikensa ya haifar da bincike da yawa a fannin ilimin jiki. A cikin fasaha, ana ɗaukar Da Vinci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zanen kowane lokaci. Ya ƙirƙira watakila mafi shahararren zane a duk tarihin da aka sani da Mona Lisa.
7. Pythagoras
Pythagoras na Samos tsohon masanin Falsafa ne na Ionian kuma sanannen wanda ya kafa Pythagoreanism. Koyarwarsa ta siyasa da addini sun shahara a Magna Graecia kuma sun rinjayi falsafar Plato, Aristotle, kuma, ta hanyarsu, falsafar Yammacin Turai. Plato ya yaba wa Pythagoras da manyan ra'ayoyi masu yawa a cikin lissafi, kimiyya, ɗa'a, da falsafa. Kazalika ana yaba musu da ka'idojin lissafi.
8 Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein ƙwararren masanin ilimin kimiya ne wanda aka haifa a Jamus, wanda kowa ya yarda da cewa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar lissafi kuma mafi tasiri a kowane lokaci. An fi sanin Einstein da haɓaka ka'idar alaƙa, amma kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban ka'idar injiniyoyi. Dangantaka da injiniyoyin ƙididdiga sun haɗa ginshiƙai biyu na ilimin lissafi na zamani.
Ayyukansa sun ba da tabbataccen shaida na ka'idar atomic da kuma wanzuwar atom da kwayoyin halitta. Ya kuma ƙayyade girman kwayoyin halitta kuma ya tabbatar da lambar Avogadro. Madaidaicin ma'aunin makamashin sa E = mc2, wanda ya taso daga ka'idar dangantaka, an yi masa lakabi da "mafi shaharar lissafin duniya". Aikinsa kuma sananne ne saboda tasirinsa akan falsafar kimiyya.
Ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics na 1921 "saboda hidimominsa ga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, musamman don bincikensa na ka'idar tasirin photoelectric", wani muhimmin mataki a cikin haɓaka ka'idar ƙididdiga. Nasarar basirarsa da asalinsa sun haifar da "Einstein" ya zama daidai da "hazaka".
9. Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne dan kasar Jamus wanda bincikensa na adadin kuzari ya bashi kyautar Nobel a fannin Physics a shekarar 1918. Planck ya ba da gudummawa da dama ga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, amma shahararsa a matsayin masanin kimiyyar ta ta'allaka ne kan rawar da ya taka a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro kididdigar lissafi. ka'idar, wacce ta kawo sauyi ga fahimtar mutum game da tsarin atomic da subatomic.
10. Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus masanin kimiyya ne na Renaissance, mai aiki a matsayin masanin lissafi, astronomer, likita, ƙwararren masani, da masanin tattalin arziki, wanda ya tsara samfurin sararin samaniya wanda ya sanya Rana maimakon Duniya a tsakiyarta. Bisa ga dukkan alamu, Copernicus ya ƙirƙiro samfurinsa ba tare da Aristachus na Samos ba, tsohon masanin falaki na Girka wanda ya tsara irin wannan samfurin kimanin ƙarni goma sha takwas baya.
Buga samfurin Copernicus a cikin littafinsa De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1543, ya kasance wani babban lamari a tarihin kimiyya, wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin Copernican tare da ba da gudummawa ta farko ga juyin juya halin Musulunci. Juyin Kimiyya. A shekara ta 1517 ya samo ka'idar kudi - mahimmin ra'ayi a fannin tattalin arziki - kuma a cikin 1519 ya tsara ka'idar tattalin arziki wanda daga baya ya zama mai suna dokar Gresham.
11. Aristotle
Aristotle masanin Falsafa ne kuma masanin ilmin lissafi a zamanin gargajiya a tsohuwar Girka. Rubuce-rubucensa sun kunshi batutuwa da yawa da suka hada da kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin dabbobi, metaphysics, dabaru, da'a, aesthetics, wakoki, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, rhetoric, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ilimin harshe, tattalin arziki, siyasa, yanayi, ƙasa, da gwamnati. Aristotle ya ba da hadaddun haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan falsafar da ke gabansa. Sama da duka daga koyarwarsa ne kasashen yamma suka gaji kamus na ilimi, da matsaloli da hanyoyin bincike.
A sakamakon haka, falsafarsa ta yi tasiri na musamman a kusan kowane nau'i na ilimi a yammacin Turai kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa batu na tattaunawa na falsafar zamani. Har ma masana da yawa sun ce Aristotle ne mai yiyuwa ne mutum na ƙarshe da ya san duk fagagen da aka sani a duniya. Waɗannan gudummawar a cikin batutuwa da yawa sun sa Aristotle ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mutane na kowane lokaci. Ana ɗaukansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane da suka taɓa rayuwa, yana ba da haske game da kowane fanni na ilimin ɗan adam.
12. Galileo Galilei
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei masanin falaki ne dan kasar Italiya, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, injiniya, masani, kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin juya halin kimiyya a lokacin Renaissance. Galileo ana kiransa "mahaifin" masanin ilmin taurari, kimiyyar lissafi na zamani, hanyar kimiyya, da kuma kimiyyar zamani.Ya yi gagarumin ci gaba ga na'urar hangen nesa wanda ya haifar da abubuwan lura na sararin samaniya na ban mamaki.
Abubuwan da ya lura da Venus sun tabbatar da cewa Rana ita ce tsakiyar sararin samaniya ba ƙasa ba. Ya kuma gano manyan watanni hudu na Jupiter. Galileo ya ƙirƙira ma'aunin zafin jiki wanda ya share hanya don ƙirƙirar ma'aunin zafin jiki. Ya kuma ƙirƙiro ingantaccen kamfas na soja. Kuma Invariance na Galilean ya kafa tushen duka dokokin motsi na Newton da ka'idar Einstein na alaƙa.
13. Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur masanin kimiyar Faransa ne kuma masanin ilimin halittu wanda ya shahara saboda binciken da ya yi na ka'idojin rigakafi, fermentation na microbial, da pasteurization. Binciken da ya yi a fannin ilmin sinadarai ya haifar da gagarumin ci gaba wajen fahimtar musabbabi da rigakafin cututtuka, wanda ya aza harsashin tsafta, lafiyar al’umma da yawancin magungunan zamani.
Ayyukansa sun yi la'akari da ceton miliyoyin rayuka ta hanyar ci gaba da samar da alluran rigakafi na rabies da anthrax. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kwayoyin halitta na zamani kuma an girmama shi a matsayin "mahaifin kwayoyin halitta" da kuma "mahaifin kwayoyin halitta" (tare da Robert Koch, da kuma na karshen epithet kuma an dangana ga Antonie van Leeuwenhoek).
14. Marie Curie
Marie Salomea Skłodowska Curie yar ƙasar Poland ce kuma ƙwararriyar kimiya ce kuma ƙwararriyar kimiya ta Faransa. Babban abin da ta yi fice shi ne gano radium da polonium. Tun asali Curie ya ƙirƙiro jumlar “Radioactivity” kuma ta bi ta a matsayin mai yuwuwar maganin cutar kansa. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Nobel, kuma mace ta farko da ta taba lashe kyautar Nobel sau biyu.
Ita ce kuma mutum daya tilo da ta ci kyautar Nobel a fannonin kimiyya biyu. Mijinta, Pierre Curie, ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa a lambar yabo ta Nobel ta farko, wanda ya sa su zama ma'aurata na farko da suka sami kyautar Nobel tare da ƙaddamar da gadon dangin Curie na kyautar Nobel biyar. Ta kasance, a cikin 1906, mace ta farko da ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Paris.
15 Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin masanin halitta ne dan kasar Ingila, masanin kasa kuma masanin ilmin halitta, wanda aka fi sani da gudummuwar sa ga ilmin halitta. Binciken kimiyyar Darwin shine ka'idar haɗe-haɗe na ilimomin rayuwa, wanda ke bayyana bambancin rayuwa. Shawarwarinsa na cewa duk nau'in rayuwa sun fito daga kakanni na gama gari yanzu an yarda da su sosai kuma ana daukar su a matsayin tushen ra'ayi a kimiyya. An bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a tarihin dan Adam.
A cikin littafin haɗin gwiwa tare da Alfred Russel Wallace, ya gabatar da ka'idarsa ta kimiyya cewa wannan tsarin reshe na juyin halitta ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari da ya kira zaɓin yanayi, wanda gwagwarmayar wanzuwar yana da irin wannan tasiri ga zaɓin wucin gadi da ke cikin zaɓin kiwo. Darwin ya wallafa ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta tare da kwararan hujjoji a cikin littafinsa na 1859 Kan Asalin Species. A cikin 1870s, al'ummar kimiyya da yawancin jama'a masu ilimi sun yarda da juyin halitta a matsayin gaskiya.
16. Adam Smith
Adam Smith masanin tattalin arzikin Scotland ne kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya kasance majagaba na tattalin arzikin siyasa kuma jigo a lokacin wayewar Scotland. Har ila yau, an san shi da "Uban Tattalin Arziki" ko "Uban Jari-Hujja", ya rubuta ayyukan gargajiya guda biyu, Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) da Binciken Halittu da Dalilan Dukiyar Al'ummai (1776). Na karshen, sau da yawa ana rage shi da The Wealth of Nations, ana daukarsa babban aikinsa kuma aikin farko na tattalin arziki na zamani.
A cikin aikinsa, Smith ya gabatar da ka'idarsa ta cikakkiyar fa'ida. Smith ya aza harsashin ka'idar tattalin arziki na kyauta na gargajiya. Arzikin Al'ummai ya kasance mafari ne ga tsarin ilimin zamani na tattalin arziki. A cikin wannan da sauran ayyukan, ya samar da manufar rabon ma’aikata tare da bayyana yadda son kai da gasa na hankali ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Har yanzu aikinsa yana taka rawar gani a tattalin arzikin zamani.
17. Euclid
Euclid, wani lokaci ana kiransa Euclid na Alexandria don bambanta shi da Euclid na Megara, masanin lissafi ne na Girka, wanda galibi ana kiransa "wanda ya kafa geometry" ko "mahaifin ilimin lissafi". Abubuwansa suna ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi tasiri a tarihin lissafi. A cikin Elements, Euclid ya zare ka'idodin abin da ake kira Euclidean geometry a yanzu daga ƙaramin tsari na axioms. Euclid ya kuma rubuta ayyuka akan hangen nesa, sassan juzu'i, juzu'i, ka'idar lamba, da tsantsar lissafi.
18 Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking masanin ilimin kimiya ne na Ingilishi, masanin sararin samaniya, kuma marubuci. Ayyukan kimiyya na Hawking sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tare da Roger Penrose akan ka'idodin ka'idodin ka'ida a cikin tsarin alaƙa na gaba ɗaya, da kuma hasashen hasashen cewa baƙar fata suna fitar da radiation, wanda galibi ake kira Hawking radiation.
Hawking shine farkon wanda ya kafa ka'idar ilmin sararin samaniya wanda ƙungiyar gamayya ta ka'idar alaƙa da makanikan ƙididdiga suka bayyana. Ya kasance ƙwaƙƙwaran mai goyan bayan fassarar duniyoyi da yawa na injiniyoyin ƙididdiga. Hawking ya sami nasarar kasuwanci tare da ayyuka da yawa na mashahurin kimiyya wanda a ciki ya tattauna ka'idodinsa da ilimin sararin samaniya gabaɗaya.
19. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ya kasance ƙwararren mawaƙi ne kuma mai tasiri na zamanin Classical. Duk da gajeriyar rayuwarsa, saurin abubuwan da ya yi ya haifar da ayyuka sama da 800 na kusan kowane nau'in zamaninsa. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwar an yarda da su a matsayin kololuwa na wasan kwaikwayo, daɗaɗɗa, ɗaki, wasan kwaikwayo, da mawaƙa. Mozart yana daga cikin manyan mawaƙa a tarihin kiɗan Yammacin Turai, tare da kidan da ake sha'awar "kyawun waƙa, ƙawancinta na yau da kullun da wadatar jituwa da rubutu".
20. Gottfried W. Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz masanin ilimin lissafi ne, masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. Fitaccen mutum ne a tarihin falsafa da tarihin lissafi. Ya rubuta ayyuka a kan falsafa, tiyoloji, xa'a, siyasa, doka, tarihi, da falsafa. Har ila yau Leibniz ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga kimiyyar lissafi da fasaha, da kuma hasashen hasashen da zai fito daga baya a ka'idar yiwuwar, ilmin halitta, likitanci, ilimin ƙasa, ilimin halin ɗan adam, ilimin harshe, da kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Ƙari ga haka, ya ba da gudummawa ga fannin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu: sa’ad da yake hidima a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Wolfenbüttel a Jamus, ya ƙirƙiro tsarin kataloji da zai zama jagora ga yawancin manyan ɗakunan karatu na Turai. Gudunmawar Leibniz ga wannan ɗimbin batutuwa sun warwatse a cikin mujallu da aka koya, cikin dubun-dubatar haruffa, da kuma cikin rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba. Ya rubuta a cikin harsuna da yawa, musamman a cikin Latin, Faransanci da Jamusanci, amma kuma cikin Turanci, Italiyanci da Dutch.