UJulius Robert Oppenheimer wayengusosayensi wesayensi yethiyori waseMelika kanye nomqondisi weLos Alamos Laboratory phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uyise webhomu le-athomu" ngendima yakhe ekuhleleni i-Manhattan Project, ucwaningo nentuthuko eyakha izikhali zenuzi zokuqala. Wazalelwa izifiki ezingamaJalimane ezingamaJuda eNew York City, u-J. Robert Oppenheimer wathola iziqu ze-bachelor ku-chemistry e-Harvard University ngo-1925 kanye ne-PhD ku-physics ayithola e-University of Göttingen eJalimane ngo-1927.
Ngemva kokucwaninga kwezinye izikhungo, wajoyina umnyango we-physics eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, lapho aba khona uprofesa ogcwele ngo-1936. Wenza igalelo elibalulekile ku-theoretical physics, kuhlanganise nempumelelo ku-quantum mechanics kanye ne-nuclear physics njenge-approximation ye-Born-Oppenheimer yemisebenzi yamagagasi amangqamuzana, usebenze ngethiyori yokuqala ye-tropenssion, i-nuclear electrons kanye ne-nuclear physics. i-quantum tunneling.
Ekanye nabafundi bakhe, naye wenza iminikelo embonweni wezinkanyezi ze-neutron nezimbobo ezimnyama, ithiyori ye-quantum field, kanye nokusebenzisana kwemisebe ye-cosmic. Ngo-1942, u-Oppenheimer waqashwa ukuthi asebenze eManhattan Project, kwathi ngo-1943 waqokwa njengomqondisi wephrojekthi yeLos Alamos Laboratory eNew Mexico, enikezwe umsebenzi wokwakha izikhali zenuzi zokuqala, eminyakeni emine kuqale uhlelo lwezikhali zenuzi zaseJalimane. Ubuholi bakhe nobungcweti besayensi kwaba nesandla empumelelweni yalo msebenzi. Ngo-July 16, 1945, wayekhona ekuhlolweni kukaZiqu-zintathu kwebhomu leathomu lokuqala.
Ngo-August 1945, izikhali zasetshenziswa ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki eJapane, okusewukuphela kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi empini yezikhali. Ngo-1947, u-Oppenheimer waba umqondisi we-Institute for Advanced Study ePrinceton, eNew Jersey, futhi wahola iKomidi Lokweluleka Jikelele elinethonya leKhomishini Yamandla E-Atomic yase-United States eyayisanda kwakhiwa. Wanxenxa ukulawulwa kwamandla enuzi emhlabeni wonke, ukugwema ukwanda kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nomjaho wezikhali zenuzi neSoviet Union.
Wamelana nokuthuthukiswa kwebhomu le-hydrogen phakathi nenkulumo-mpikiswano kahulumeni ka-1949-1950 ngalo mbuzo futhi wabe esethatha izikhundla ezindabeni eziphathelene nezokuvikela ezacasula uhulumeni wase-US namaqembu ezempi. Ngesikhathi se-Second Red Scare, izimo zika-Oppenheimer, kuhlanganise nobudlelwane bangaphambili ayenabo nabantu nezinhlangano ezixhumene neCommunist Party USA, kwaholela ekuhoxisweni kwemvume yakhe yezokuphepha kulandela ukulalelwa kwecala lezokuphepha ngo-1954.
Ngokuphumelelayo ephucwe ithonya lakhe eliqondile lezombusazwe, waqhubeka efundisa, ebhala, futhi esebenza ku-physics. Ngo-1963, uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wamklomelisa (futhi u-Lyndon B. Johnson wamnikeza) Umklomelo we-Enrico Fermi njengophawu lokuvuselela izimilo zezombusazwe. Ngo-2022, uhulumeni wase-US wasishiya isinqumo sango-1954, wathi lolu hlelo lwalunephutha.
Ezinye izingcaphuno ezinhle kakhulu ezivela ku-J. Robert Oppenheimer zibalwe ngezansi.
- "I-pragmatist ikhathazekile ngemiphumela, hhayi iqiniso." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Ukufinyelela kumaVeda kuyilungelo elikhulu kunawo wonke leli khulu leminyaka elingase liwafune kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka adlule.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Wonke umlando usifundisa ukuthi le mibuzo esicabanga ukuthi ecindezelayo izophendulwa ngaphambi kokuba iphendulwe, ukuthi izothathelwa indawo eminye, nokuthi yona kanye inqubo yokutholwa izohlakaza imiqondo esiyisebenzisa namuhla ukuchaza ukudideka kwethu.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Noma yimuphi umuntu amaphutha akhe athatha iminyaka eyishumi ukulungisa uyindoda impela." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Kokubili indoda yesayensi nomuntu wobuciko bahlala njalo emaphethelweni emfihlakalo, bezungezwe yiyo; kokubili ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngokuqondene nesilinganiso sokudalwa kwazo, kuye kwahlobene nokuvumelana kwalokho okusha nalokho okujwayele, nokulinganisela phakathi kwezinto ezintsha nezihlanganisiwe, nomzabalazo wokwenza ukuhleleka okuyingxenye esiphithiphithini esiphelele.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Ukutholwa kulandela ukutholwa, ngayinye iphakamisa futhi iphendule imibuzo, ngayinye iphetha usesho olude, futhi ngayinye ihlinzeka ngamathuluzi amasha osesho olusha." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "UGenius ubona impendulo ngaphambi kombuzo." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Sengiphenduke ukufa, umchithi wezwe.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Angicabangi ukuthi kungaba kubi kimi ukusho - futhi kuyiqiniso ngezikhathi ezithile - ukuthi ngidinga i-physics ngaphezu kwabangane." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Ngidinga i-physics ngaphezu kwabangane." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Ngingakhuthaza isimiso sokuzibekela imingcele ngokuqondene nengcebo,” futhi wenza lokhu “kunxusa kwabacebile”: Isinyathelo sokuqala okufanele basithathe, ukuthi bazozilungisa, siwukuphila phakathi komcebo ongenakulinganiswa njengokungathi akubona abanikazi bayo; okungukuthi, ukuthatha ukuze bakusebenzisele bona kuphela lokho abakudingayo ezintweni ezibalulekile zokuphila okuphucuzekile, futhi babheke okunye njengediphozithi ukuze kuzuze okuvamile, okungafanele bona ngokwabo babe abazuzi bazo.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Uma amabhomu e-athomu ezonezelwa njengezikhali ezintsha ezinqolobaneni zezikhali zezwe elilwayo, noma ezinqolobaneni zezizwe ezilungiselela impi, siyofika isikhathi lapho isintu siyoqalekisa khona igama leLos Alamos nelaseHiroshima. Abantu kumele babumbane, kungenjalo bazobhubha.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Uma kufanele siphile ngomqondo ongapheli wokuthi umhlaba namadoda akuwo makhulu kunathi futhi akhulu kakhulu kithi, makube isilinganiso sobuhle bethu ukuthi siyakwazi lokhu futhi asifuni induduzo." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Uma ungusosayensi, ukholelwa ukuthi kuhle ukuthola ukuthi umhlaba usebenza kanjani; ukuthi kuhle ukuthola ukuthi amaqiniso ayini; ukuthi kuhle ukunikeza isintu sisonke amandla amakhulu kunawo wonke okulawula umhlaba futhi sibhekane nawo ngokuvumelana nezibani nezindinganiso zawo.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Ezweni elikhululekile, uma lizohlala likhululekile, kufanele silondoloze, nempilo yethu uma kunesidingo, kodwa ngokuqinisekile ngezimpilo zethu, ithuba lokuba indoda ifunde noma yini." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Kusayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo lezi zikhona futhi ziye zaba khona, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zizoqhubeka nokuba yizinsuku zobuqhawe." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Kuyiqiniso elijulile nelidingekayo ukuthi izinto ezijulile zesayensi azitholakali ngoba ziwusizo; zitholakele ngoba bekwazile ukuzithola.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Kusobala ukuthi umhlaba wonke uya esihogweni. Okuwukuphela kwethuba okungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeki ukuthi singazami ukukuvimba ukwenza lokho. ” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Kuyafaneleka endimeni yososayensi ukuthi angagcini nje ngokuthola iqiniso elisha futhi alidlulisele kwabanye, kodwa ukuthi uyafundisa, ukuthi azame ukuletha ukulandisa okuthembekile nokuqondakalayo kolwazi olusha kubo bonke abazozama ukufunda." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Ulwazi alukwazi ukuphishekelwa ngaphandle kokuziphatha." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Mhlawumbe uGeneral Groves ubeqinisile. Mhlawumbe kufanele sivele siyeke ukucabanga unomphela.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “UMnu. Mongameli, nginegazi ezandleni zami.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Ukukhula kwami akuzange kungilungiselele iqiniso lokuthi umhlaba ugcwele izinto ezinonya nezibuhlungu.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Akekho umuntu okufanele abaleke emanyuvesi ethu engazi ukuthi wazi kangakanani." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "I-Pragmatism iyifilosofi ephephile kodwa ekugcineni eyinyumba." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Isayensi akuyona yonke into, kodwa isayensi yinhle kakhulu." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Isayensi iqala ngombono wangaphambili, ngesiko elivamile, nangomqondo ophusile. Iqhubekela ekubhekisisweni, imakwe ngokutholakala kwendida, bese ibhekana nokulungiswa kombono wangaphambili. Isuka-ke isebenzise lezi zilungiso ukuze idizayinwe okunye ukubheka kanye nokuhlola okucolisisiwe okwengeziwe. Futhi njengoba iqhubeka nale nkambo ubunjalo bobufakazi kanye nesipiliyoni esiyondlayo iya ngokuya ingajwayelekile; akulona nje ulimi oluyinqaba [esikweni elivamile].” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Kwesinye isikhathi impendulo yokwesaba ayixhomekile ekuzameni ukuchaza izimbangela, kwesinye isikhathi impendulo iba nesibindi.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Kuthathwa njengendaba yokuphumelela komuntu, nobumpumputhe bomuntu, okutholwe kwisayensi kuphakathi kwama-epics amakhulu." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Ibhomu le-athomu lenza ithemba lempi yesikhathi esizayo lingabekezeleleki. Kusiholele kulezo zinyathelo ezimbalwa zokugcina ukuya entubeni yentaba; futhi ngale kunelinye izwe.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthumela ulwazi ukugoqa ngomuntu." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Ubufakazi obukhulu bomlando bubonisa ukuthi, eqinisweni, intuthuko yesayensi iye yavela kaningi kangakanani ngenxa yezidingo zobuchwepheshe ngisho nezomnotho, nokuthi emnothweni wemizamo yezenhlalo, isayensi, ngisho nohlobo olungenakuqhathaniswa nolufaneleka kakhulu, izikhokhela kanjani ngokuphindaphindiwe ekunikezeni isisekelo sentuthuko entsha yezobuchwepheshe.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Izinguquko ezinkulu ezilethwe isayensi ukushuba koshintsho; into entsha enkulu kakhulu izinga lobusha.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Umlando wesayensi ucebile ngesibonelo sokuphumelela kokuletha amasu amabili amasu, amaqoqo amabili emibono, athuthukiswe ezimweni ezihlukene zokuphishekela iqiniso elisha, athintane.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Ingoma yefilosofi enhle kunazo zonke ekhona nganoma yiluphi ulimi olwaziwayo." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Umphakathi ovulekile, ukufinyelela olwazini okungavinjelwe, ukuhlangana kwabantu okungahleliwe nokungavinjwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe—yilokhu okungase kwenze izwe lezobuchwepheshe elikhulu, eliyinkimbinkimbi, elikhula njalo, elishintshayo, elikhethekile kakhulu nelingochwepheshe, noma kunjalo izwe lomphakathi wesintu.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Umuntu onethemba lokuhle ucabanga ukuthi lo ngumhlaba ongcono kunayo yonke engenzeka. Umuntu ongenathemba uyesaba ukuthi kuyiqiniso. ” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Abantu balo mhlaba kumele babumbane noma bazobhubha.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Izazi zesayensi yemvelo ziyasazi isono; futhi lolu wulwazi abangeke balulahlekele.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Umbono wobuchwepheshe bethu besimanje ukhombisa ukuthi akukho okusebenzayo njengethiyori." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Usosayensi weqiniso akalokothi alahlekelwe yikhono lokuzijabulisa. Kuwumgogodla wobuntu bakhe.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Kunezingane ezidlala emigwaqweni ezingaxazulula ezinye zezinkinga zami eziphezulu ku-physics, ngoba zinezindlela zokuqonda izinzwa engilahlekelwe kudala." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Azikho izimfihlo ngezwe lemvelo. Kunezimfihlo ngemicabango nezinhloso zabantu.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Kukhona into engenakuguqulwa ekuzuzeni ulwazi; futhi ukulingiswa kokuseshwa kwayo kuhluke ngendlela ejule kakhulu kweqiniso.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Akumele kube nemigoqo yenkululeko yokuphenya. Ayikho indawo yemfundiso yesayensi. Usosayensi ukhululekile, futhi kumelwe akhululeke ukubuza noma yimuphi umbuzo, angabaze noma ikuphi ukugomela, afune noma yibuphi ubufakazi, alungise noma yimaphi amaphutha.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Izinto ezivuselela ilukuluku lami ziqhelelene kakhulu nokusebenza futhi ngenxa yalokho ekuhlukaniseni." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Ekudidekeni kwezitha zethu." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Ukuzama ukujabula wukuzama ukwakha umshini ongenayo enye imininingwane ngaphandle kokuthi uzosebenza ngaphandle komsindo." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Namuhla, akukhona nje ukuthi amakhosi ethu awazi izibalo, kodwa nezazi zefilosofi zethu azizazi izibalo futhi – ukuze siqhubekele phambili – osolwazi bethu bezibalo abazazi izibalo.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Iqiniso, hhayi isilwane esifuywayo, ungumngane omkhulu womuntu.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Asikholelwa ukuthi noma yiliphi iqembu lamadoda anele ngokwanele noma ahlakaniphe ngokwanele ukuba asebenze ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa noma ngaphandle kokugxekwa. Siyazi ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokugwema iphutha ukulibona, ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokulibona ukuthi ukhululeke ukubuza. Siyazi ukuthi ekusithekeni iphutha elingabonwa lizochuma futhi lichithe.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Asikholelwa ukuthi noma yiliphi iqembu lamadoda anele ngokwanele noma ahlakaniphe ngokwanele ukuba asebenze ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa noma ngaphandle kokugxekwa. Siyazi ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokugwema iphutha ukulibona, ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokulibona ukuthi ukhululeke ukubuza. Siyazi ukuthi amaholo emfihlo ayinkohlakalo. Siyazi ukuthi emaphutheni ayimfihlo, angabonwa, azochuma futhi achithe.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Silambele izicukuthwane: amagama angajwayelekile nezenzo ezivumelana nobulula neqiniso." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Besazi ukuthi umhlaba ngeke ufane. Abantu abambalwa bahleka, abantu abambalwa bakhala. Iningi labantu lalithule.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Besazi ukuthi umhlaba ngeke ufane. Abantu abambalwa bahleka, abantu abambalwa bakhala. Abantu abaningi bathula. Ngakhumbula umugqa ovela embhalweni wamaHindu, iBhagavad-Gita; UVishnu uzama ukuncenga uMntwana ukuthi enze umsebenzi wakhe, futhi amhlabe umxhwele, uthatha isimo sakhe sezikhali eziningi futhi athi, 'Manje senginguKufa, umbhubhisi wezwe.' Ngicabanga ukuthi sonke sasikucabanga lokho, ngandlela thize.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Siyazi ukuthi amaholo okugcina izimfihlo yinkohlakalo. Siyazi ukuthi ekusithekeni, iphutha elingabonwa lizochuma futhi lichithe.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Sazi kakhulu ukuthi indoda eyodwa ingakwazi kakhulu." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Singase sifaniswe nawofezela ababili abasebhodleleni, ngamunye ekwazi ukubulala omunye, kodwa ngokubeka ukuphila kwakhe engozini.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Lapho yonke imithombo yamandla e-thermonuclear isiphelile inkanyezi esinda ngokwanele izowa. Ngaphandle kwalapho ukuhlukana kwenkanyezi ngenxa yokuzungeza, imisebe yesisindo, noma ukuphephuka kwesisindo ngemisebe, kunciphisa ubukhulu benkanyezi bulingane nelanga, lokhu kufinyela kuyoqhubeka phakade.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Lapho siphika UBUBI obungaphakathi kwethu, sizenza ubuntu bethu, futhi asizinciphisi isiphetho sethu kuphela kodwa nanoma yimaphi amathuba okusebenzelana noBUBI babanye." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Uma ubona okuthile okumnandi ngokobuchwepheshe qhubeka ukwenze, futhi uyaphikisana ngokuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngakho, kuphela ngemva kokuba usuphumelele." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Uma ubona okuthile okumnandi ngokobuchwepheshe qhubeka ukwenze." – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- “Uma ubona into emnandi ngokwezobuchwepheshe, uyenza bese niyaphikisana ngokuthi yini okumele niyenze ngayo ngemuva kokuthi niphumelele kwezobuchwepheshe. Kwaba njalo ngebhomu le-athomu.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer
- "Impela ungabhubhisa ngokwanele isintu ukuze kuphela isenzo esikhulu sokholo esingakukholisa ukuthi okusele kuzoba umuntu." – J. Robert Oppenheimer