Kuwo wonke umlando, izinguquko ziye zavela njengezisusa ezinamandla zoshintsho, zakha kabusha isisekelo semiphakathi futhi zishiya uphawu olungacimeki enkambweni yempucuko yabantu. Ama-akhawunti omlando anemininingwane eminingi yezinguquko; ahlela amaqembu abantu abathi, ngokuzimisela okungantengantengi, balwa ngentshiseko, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo, ukuze bathathele izimiso ezikhona ezibusayo ngemibono ehlukile. Nakuba okuningi kwalokhu kuvukela kwagcina kungaphumeleli, okusakazeke kuwo wonke umlando yizimo lapho imizamo yoguquko yafinyelela umvuthwandaba wempumelelo yokunqoba.
Lezi zenzakalo zoguquko zeqa imingcele yezwe, zisebenzisa ithonya lazo kude kakhulu nemingcele yezwe elilodwa futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, zidlulela kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Ukuphenduka kwalezi zinxushunxushu kuye kwananela emibhalweni yesikhathi, kwashiya uphawu olungacimekiyo emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinhlangano zokuvukela umbuso, eziphawuleka ngokuchithwa kwegazi nokuzidela, ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni hhayi nje kuphela isizinda sezombangazwe nezenhlalo zezizwe zakubo kodwa nasekudaleni izinguquko ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke.
Lezi zinguquko ezilandelayo ziphawuleka ngokukhethekile, hhayi nje ngenxa yethonya elikhona ngokushesha kodwa nemiphumela ehlala njalo nefinyelela kude eziye zaba nayo emlandweni wesintu. Ngokudala ukungqubuzana neziyaluyalu, lezi zikhathi ezibalulekile ziye zashintsha amandla, zachaza kabusha izinhlaka zomphakathi, futhi zasusa izimpikiswano eziqhubeka nokulungisa ukuqonda kwethu inqubekelaphambili kanye nokubusa.
1. Inguquko YaseFrance (1789-1799)
INguquko YaseFrance, eyaqala ngo-1789 kuya ku-1799, yayiyisikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni waseYurophu, ebonakala ngezinguquko ezijulile kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, nezomnotho. Iqaliswe inhlanganisela yobunzima bezomnotho, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, nemibono Yokukhanyiselwa, uguquko lwaluhlose ukuhlakaza ubukhosi obuphelele futhi kusungulwe uhlelo olulinganayo nolwentando yeningi. Uguquko lwaqala ngo-1789 ngokubizwa kwe-Estates-General, okwagcina kuholele ekusungulweni kwesiGungu sikaZwelonke.
Lo mhlangano, owakhiwe kakhulu ngabameleli bendawo yesithathu (abantu abavamile), uzimemezele njengohulumeni osemthethweni waseFrance. Ngo-1789, i-Bastille yahlaselwa abantu baseParis, ebonisa ukudelela kwabantu ngokumelene negunya lobukhosi. Ngo-1791, isiGungu Sikazwelonke samukela iSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu Nesakhamuzi, esihlanganisa izimiso Zokukhanyiselwa zenkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nobuzalwane.
Ubukhosi baqedwa ngo-1792, okwaholela ekubulaweni kweNkosi uLouis XVI. Isigaba esinamandla soguquko salandelwa, esimakwe ukuBusa Kobushokobezi (1793-1794), eholwa amaJacobins aqinile kanye neKomidi Lokuphepha Komphakathi, eliholwa nguMaximilien Robespierre. Abavukeli babehlose ukuqeda okwakucatshangwa ukuthi bayizitha zeriphabhulikhi, okuholela ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi, okuhlanganisa nokaRobespierre ngokwakhe ngo-1794.
Uguquko lwabe selungena esigabeni esilinganiselwe ngaphansi koHlelo Lwemibhalo (1795-1799), kodwa ukungazinzi kwezombangazwe kwaqhubeka. Ngo-1799, Napoleon Bonaparte wathatha amandla ekuketulweni umbuso, okuphawula ukuphela kwenguquko kanye nokuqala kwenkathi yamaNapoleon. Naphezu kwezinselele nezingxabano zangaphakathi, iNguquko YaseFrance yaba nomthelela ohlala njalo eFrance naseYurophu, yaba nengxenye ekusabalaleni kwemibono yentando yeningi, ukwanda kobuzwe, nokuguqulwa kwezakhiwo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.
2. Inguquko YaseRussia (1917)
Uguquko LwaseRussia lwango-1917 lwaluwuchungechunge lwezenzakalo zoguquko ezenzeka eRussia futhi lwagcina luholele ekuketulweni kobukhosi bamaRomanov obudala amakhulu eminyaka, kwamiswa uhulumeni wesikhashana, futhi ekugcineni kwaphakama ukubusa kwamaBolshevik. Inguquko yaba nemiphumela ejulile nefinyelela kude, eyalolonga inkambo yomlando waseRussia nowomhlaba. Uguquko lwenzeke ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:
- February Revolution (1917)
- Lesi sigaba saqala ngokunganeliseki okusakazekile kanye nokuntuleka kokudla phakathi kwabantu baseRussia, okwabhebhethekiswa ubunzima beMpi Yezwe I. Ngo-March 8 (ikhalenda likaJulian; February 23 ekhalendeni likaGregory), imibukiso yoSuku Lwabesifazane Lwamazwe Ngamazwe ePetrograd (usuku lwanamuhla uSt. Petersburg) kwadlondlobala kwaba imibhikisho emikhulu ngokumelene nobukhosi. Amasosha, izisebenzi, nabalimi bangenela imibhikisho, befuna kuqedwe umbuso wobushiqela nezimo zokuphila ezingcono.
- Ebhekene neziyaluyalu ezandayo, uTsar Nicholas II wasilahla isihlalo sobukhosi ngo-March 15 (ikhalenda likaJulian; March 2 ekhalendeni likaGregory). Ngemva kokuxoshwa kuka-Nicholas II, kwasungulwa uHulumeni Wesikhashana, owakhiwa ikakhulukazi amaqembu akhululekile futhi alinganiselayo ezenhlalakahle. Kodwa-ke, lo hulumeni wabhekana nezinselelo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuqhubeka kwempi kanye nokwanda kwezinhlangano ezisuka emazingeni aphansi njengamaSoviet (imikhandlu yabasebenzi namasosha).
- Ngo-Okthoba Revolution (1917)
- Iqembu lamaBolshevik, eliholwa ngu UVladimir Lenin, ifune ukusizakala ngokungeneliseki okudumile ngoHulumeni Wesikhashana. Ngo-October 25-26 (ikhalenda likaJulian; November 7-8 ekhalendeni likaGregory), amabutho amaBolshevik athatha amaphuzu abalulekile ePetrograd, futhi i-Winter Palace yahlaselwa. UHulumeni Wesikhashana wawa, futhi amaBolshevik athatha izintambo, okwasho ukuqala kokubusa kwamaSoviet.
- AmaBolshevik, eqondiswa umbono kaMarxist-Leninist, ayehlose ukumisa umbuso wezenhlalakahle osekelwe emikhandlwini yabasebenzi (amasoviet). Uhulumeni omusha wasayina iSivumelwano SaseBrest-Litovsk neJalimane, esaqeda ukuhlanganyela kweRussia eMpini Yezwe I. Nokho, ukuvukela umbuso kwabangela impi yombango phakathi kweRed Army (amaBolsheviks) neWhite Army (amabutho alwa namaBolshevik), eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho iMpi Yezwe I. 1922.
INguquko YaseRussia yagcina iholele ekusungulweni kweRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) futhi yabeka isisekelo sokusungulwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1922. Yaphawula uguquko olukhulu emphakathini waseRussia futhi yaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezombangazwe zomhlaba, yaba neqhaza. endaweni ye-ideological kanye ne-geopolitical yekhulu lama-20.
3. Inguquko YamaKhomanisi YaseShayina (1949)
INguquko YamaKhomanisi YaseShayina, eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokusungulwa kwePeople’s Republic of China ngo-1949, kwaba inkathi yenguquko emlandweni waseShayina. Uguquko lwaphawula ukuphela komzabalazo osunesikhathi eside phakathi kweChinese Communist Party (CCP), eholwa ngu. Mao Zedong, kanye nohulumeni wamaNational, oholwa uChiang Kai-shek. Umsuka wokungqubuzana ungalandelelwa emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho iShayina ibhekene nokuntengantenga kwezombusazwe, ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nezinxushunxushu emphakathini.
IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseShayina, elasungulwa ngo-1921, lalifuna ukubhekana nezinkinga zokungalingani, ukuguqulwa komhlaba kanye nokubusa kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa-ke, izingxabano zangaphakathi kanye nezinsongo zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezivela ekuhlaselweni kwaseJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kwaholela ebudlelwaneni besikhashana phakathi kwe-CCP namaNationalist ngokumelene nesitha esivamile. Ngemva kwempi, kwaphinde kwaqubuka ukungezwani phakathi kweCCP namaNationalists, okwaholela ekuphindeni kweMpi Yombango YaseShayina ngo-1946.
I-CCP, isebenzisa impi yabashokobezi futhi izuza ukwesekwa kwabalimi, kancane kancane yaba namandla. Ushintsho olukhulu lwafika ngeMpi yase-Huai-Hai ngo-1948, lapho i-CCP yaphuma khona enqobile, yaphoqa ama-Nationalists ukuthi ahlehle e-Taiwan. Ngo-Okthoba 1, 1949, uMao Zedong wamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukusungulwa kwePeople's Republic of China, ebonisa ukuphela kokubusa kobuzwe ezweni.
INguquko YamaKhomanisi YaseShayina yaletha izinguquko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo, ezomnotho, nezombangazwe, okuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa komhlaba, ukuhlanganisa ndawonye, nokusungulwa kwesimiso sezenhlalakahle. Nokho, ubuholi bukaMao buholele emikhankasweni eyizimpikiswano efana neGreat Leap Forward kanye neCultural Revolution, eyaba nemiphumela ejulile futhi evame ukulimaza emphakathini waseShayina.
Uguquko alugcinanga ngokuguqula i-China ekhaya kuphela kodwa futhi lwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekulinganiseni kwamandla omhlaba ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. I-People’s Republic of China yavela njengomdlali omkhulu emhlabeni, iphonsela inselelo ukubusa kwemibuso yaseNtshonalanga futhi yazihlanganisa neSoviet Union isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuphishekela umgomo ozimele wangaphandle.
4. Inguquko YaseCuba (1953-1959)
Uguquko lwaseCuban kwaba uguquko lwezombusazwe kanye nenhlalo eyenzeka eCuba kusukela ngo-1953 kuya ku-1959, nokwaholela ekusungulweni kukahulumeni wezenhlalakahle ngaphansi Fidel Castro. Uguquko lwabangelwa ukunganeliseki okusabalele nokubusa kobushiqela kukaMongameli uFulgencio Batista, owabonwa njengomuntu okhohlakele futhi ohambisana nezithakazelo zaseMelika. Uguquko lwaqala ngo-1953 lapho uFidel Castro ehola ukuhlasela okungaphumelelanga eMoncada Barracks.
Naphezu kokwehluleka, uCastro nabalandeli bakhe, kuhlanganise no-Ernesto “Che” Guevara, baqhubeka nemizamo yabo yokuketula uBatista ngezimpi zabashokobezi. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela, amavukela-mbuso athola ukwesekwa okudumile, ikakhulukazi kubalimi kanye nabampofu basemadolobheni, njengoba beqhuba umkhankaso wabashokobezi oyimpumelelo ezintabeni zaseSierra Maestra. Ngo-1959, abavukeli bazuza ukunqoba njengoba uBatista ebalekela izwe. UFidel Castro wathatha amandla, esungula uhulumeni kaMarxist-Leninist onobudlelwane obuqinile neSoviet Union.
Uguquko lwaletha izinguquko ezibalulekile kwezenhlalo-mnotho, okuhlanganisa ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba, ukwenziwa kwezimboni kuzwelonke, kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinqubomgomo zezenhlalakahle. Kuphinde kwaholela ezingxabanweni ne-United States, njengoba iCuba yaba isizinda seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Uguquko lwaseCuba lwaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezepolitiki zaseLatin America nasemhlabeni jikelele, kwagqugquzela eminye imibutho yoguquko. Kodwa-ke, kuphinde kwaholela ebudlelwaneni obungebuhle ne-United States, okwaholela ekuvinjweni kwezomnotho isikhathi eside. Uguquko luyaqhubeka nokubumba isimo sezombangazwe saseCuba kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe kuze kube namuhla.
5. Glorious Revolution (1688)
INguquko Ekhazimulayo yango-1688 yayiyisenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni wamaNgisi esaphawula ukuketulwa kweNkosi uJames II kanye nokusungulwa kobukhosi obungokomthethosisekelo. Uguquko lwabangelwa ukukhathazeka phakathi kwezikhulu zezombangazwe nezenkolo zamaNgisi mayelana nokuthambekela kukaJames II wamaKatolika kanye nosongo olungase lube khona kubuProthestani nobukhosi bephalamende. Lisabela kulokhu kukhathazeka, iqembu lezikhulu nabaholi bamaProthestani lamema uWilliam wase-Orange, umProthestani ongumDashi nomkhwenyana kaJames II, ukuba ahlasele iNgilandi.
UWilliam wafika eNgilandi ngo-November 1688 nebutho elincane uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi uJames II, ebhekene nokusekelwa okuncane, wabalekela eFrance. Lokhu kudluliselwa kwamandla ngaphandle kwegazi kwaziwa ngokuthi iNguquko Ekhazimulayo. Ngemva kokuhamba kukaJames II, uWilliam nomkakhe uMary, indodakazi kaJames II ongumProthestani, bamenywa ukuba babuse ngokubambisana njengamakhosi. Ngo-1689, bamukela isihlalo sobukhosi ngaphansi kwemibandela eshiwo kuMqulu Wamalungelo, owawunikeza amalungelo athile ePhalamende nakubantu.
Lo mcimbi wabeka isisekelo sobukhosi obungokomthethosisekelo eNgilandi, wakhawulela amandla obukhosi futhi wagcizelela igunya lephalamende. INguquko Ekhazimulayo yaqinisa izimiso zomthethosisekelo ezibalulekile, njengokuphakama kwePhalamende, ukubusa komthetho, nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekulolongeni isimo sezombangazwe eNgilandi futhi yabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kukahulumeni wesimanje womthethosisekelo.
6. I-Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
I-Taiping Rebellion yayiyimpi yombango enkulu necekela phansi eyaba khona eShayina kusukela ngo-1850 kuya ku-1864. Iholwa uHong Xiuquan, umholi wenkolo onothando owayekholelwa ukuthi ungumfowabo omncane kaJesu Kristu, ukuhlubuka okwakuhloswe ukumisa uMbuso WaseZulwini waseTaiping, a. umphakathi we-utopian osekelwe ezinguqukweni ezinkulu zezenhlalo nezenkolo. Amavukela-mbuso ayefuna ukuketula umbuso owawubusa iQing Dynasty, ayewubona njengokhohlakele futhi ucindezela.
Ukuhlubuka kwaseTaiping kwaphumela ezinxushunxushwini nasekuchithekeni kwegazi, kwafa izigidi zabantu. Ingxabano yayiphawuleka ngezimpi ezishubile, izimpi zokuvimbezela, kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezinguquko eziqinile zemibono nezenhlalo amabutho aseTaiping. Amazwe angaphandle, okuhlanganisa iBrithani neFrance, ekuqaleni ayibona impi ngaphandle kokuhileleka ngokuqondile, kodwa kamuva angenela ukuze avikele izithakazelo zawo.
I-Qing Dynasty, ngemva kokubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu zokucindezela ukuhlubuka, yagcina ikwazile ukunqoba amabutho aseTaiping ngosizo lwamasosha esifunda kanye nabeluleki bezempi baseNtshonalanga. Ukuhlubuka kwaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude, okwaba nomthelela ekwehleni koBukhosi Bama-Qing, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila ngezinga elingakaze libonwe, kanye nokusheshisa kwezinguquko kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe eShayina. Umphumela wokuvukela umbuso waseTaiping wabeka inkundla yezinxushunxushu ezalandela futhi wadlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umlando wesimanje waseShayina.
7. Young Turk Revolution (1908)
I-Young Turk Revolution ka-1908 yayiyisenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni woMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Kwaphawula ukuketulwa kukaSultan Abdulhamid II kanye nokusungulwa kukahulumeni womthethosisekelo. Uguquko lwaluholwa ithimba lezikhulu ezilwela izinguquko ezaziwa ngeKomidi Lenyunyana Nentuthuko (CUP), elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-Young Turks. I-Young Turks yayifuna ukubhekana nezindaba ezinjengamandla aphelele kaSultan, inkohlakalo, namandla ayanciphayo oMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Bacele ukuthi kubuyiswe umthethosisekelo we-1876, owamiswa nguSultan Abdulhamid II.
Uguquko lwaba nomfutho ngokusekelwa kabanzi okuvela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yomphakathi, okuhlanganisa nezihlakaniphi, izikhulu zezempi, kanye nezakhamuzi. NgoJulayi 1908, ama-Young Turks aphoqa uSultan ukuthi abuyisele umthethosisekelo futhi enze uhulumeni womthethosisekelo. IKomidi leNyunyana kanye Nenqubekela phambili lathatha izintambo zokulawula, langenisa inkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi iNkathi Yesibili Yomthethosisekelo. Uhulumeni omusha uhlose ukwenza umbuso ube ube yisimanjemanje, uthuthukise ukubusa, futhi uxazulule ukungezwani okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlanga nezenkolo phakathi kwemingcele yawo.
Nakuba i-Young Turk Revolution ekuqaleni yakhuthaza ithemba lenguquko, eminyakeni eyalandela yabona imizabalazo yezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokuhlukana kwangaphakathi kwe-CUP, izingcindezi zangaphandle, neMpi Yezwe I, okwagcina kuholele ekuhlakazweni koMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Naphezu kwezinselelo zayo, i-Young Turk Revolution yabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yakamuva esifundeni, njengeMpi Yenkululeko YaseTurkey kanye nokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey ngo-1923.
8. Inguquko YaseHaiti (1791-1804)
I-Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) yaba ukuvukela okubalulekile nokuphumelela okwaholela ekusungulweni kweRiphabhulikhi yaseHaiti ezimele, okwenza kwaba ukuvukela kwezigqila kokuqala okuphumelelayo emazweni aseMelika. Uguquko lwenzeka ekoloni laseFrance iSaint-Domingue, okwakuyindawo ekhiqiza kakhulu ushukela futhi eyayinabantu abaningi base-Afrika abayizigqila. Okwadala uguquko kwaba ukunganeliseki okwandile phakathi kwabantu ababegqilazwe ngenxa yezimo ezinzima zokuphila, ukuphathwa ngesihluku, kanye nezifiso zenkululeko nokulingana.
I-revolution yaqala ngo-1791 lapho umkhosi weVodou e-Bois Caïman ukhonza njengendawo yokuhlangana yabantu abagqilaziwe ukuba bahlangane futhi bavukele abacindezeli babo. UToussaint Louverture uvele njengomholi ovelele, ekhombisa amandla ezempi kanye nobuhlakani bamasu. Ingxabano yayiyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihilela amaqembu ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nama-Afrika agqilaziwe, abantu abakhululekile bebala, kanye nemibuso yaseYurophu efuna ukugcina ukulawula noma ukubuyisela ukubusa.
Uguquko lwabhekana nezinselele eziningi, kuhlanganise nokungenelela kweFrance, iSpain neBrithani. Nokho, amabutho amavukela-mbuso, ayeholwa uToussaint Louverture futhi kamuva uJean-Jacques Dessalines, akwazi ukunqoba lezi zithiyo. Ngo-1804, iHaiti yamemezela ukuzimela kwayo eFrance, yaba yizwe lokuqala elizimele ngemuva kwekoloni eLatin America naseCaribbean.
Uguquko lwaseHaiti lwaba nemithelela ejulile, ukunyakaza okugqugquzelayo kwenkululeko nokulingana emhlabeni wonke. Iphinde yaba nomthelela ongapheli kupolitiki yesifunda futhi yaba nomthelela ekwehleni kobukoloni baseYurophu emazweni aseMelika. Ukwengeza, uguquko lwabekela inselele izikhundla zobuhlanga ezazikhona, kwasungula umphakathi lapho ababeyizigqila bedlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ikusasa lesizwe.
9. Inguquko YaseMelika (1765-1783)
I-American Revolution (1765-1783) yayiyisenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni womhlaba esaphawula ukufuna kwamakoloni aseMelika ayishumi nantathu ukuzimela ngaphansi kombuso waseBrithani. Ukungqubuzana kwavela ochungechungeni lwezikhalazo, okuhlanganisa ukukhokhiswa intela ngaphandle kokumelwa kanye nokwephulwa okubonwayo kwenkululeko yamakholoni. Ukushuba kwesimo kwanda ngezenzakalo ezifana ne-Stamp Act ka-1765, i-Boston Massacre ngo-1770, kanye ne-Boston Tea Party ngo-1773.
I-Continental Congress yahlangana ngo-1774, ihlanganisa abameleli abavela emakoloni ukuze babhekane nezikhalazo futhi baxhumanise ukuphikiswa. Ingxabano yaqala impi evulekile ngo-Ephreli 1775 ngezimpi zaseLexington naseConcord. Ngonyaka olandelayo, i-Second Continental Congress yamemezela ukuzimela ngoJulayi 4, 1776, ibhala iSimemezelo Sokuzimela, esabhalwa ngokuyinhloko nguThomas Jefferson.
Impi yaqubuka ngezimpi eziphawulekayo ezifana neSaratoga neYorktown, lapho amabutho aseMelika, esizwa ukusekelwa kwamaFulentshi, athola ukunqoba okubalulekile. ISivumelwano SaseParis ngo-1783 saqeda ubutha ngokusemthethweni, siqaphela i-United States njengesizwe esizimele. INguquko yaba nemithelela ejulile, yagqugquzela eminye imibutho yenkululeko futhi ibumba imigomo yentando yeningi namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Umthethosisekelo wase-US, owamukelwa ngo-1788, wasungula isisekelo sikahulumeni wesizwe esisha, uqinisa ifa le-American Revolution.
10. Inguquko Yase-Iranian (1978-1979)
I-Iranian Revolution, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Islamic Revolution, yenzeka phakathi kuka-1978 no-1979, okwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-Islamic Republic e-Iran. Uguquko lwaphawula ukuketulwa kuka-Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, owabonwa njengomashiqela osekela iNtshonalanga, kanye nokusungulwa kukahulumeni wamaSulumane ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Izimbangela zoguquko zaziyizici eziningi, ezihlanganisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ingcindezelo yezombangazwe, kanye nombono we-imperialism yamasiko.
Ukunganeliseki ngombuso ka-Shah, obonakala ngenkohlakalo nokugunyazwa, kwabhebhethekisa imibhikisho nemibhikisho esabalele. Uguquko lwaba nomfutho ngo-1978 njengoba imibhikisho yanda ezweni lonke. Ukuphikiswa kwezwe kanye ne-leftist, kanye namaqembu ahlukahlukene, baqale bahlangana ngokumelene ne-Shah. Nokho, njengoba uguquko luqhubeka, uKhomeini wavela njengomholi ovelele, emelela iRiphabhulikhi yamaSulumane.
NgoJanuwari 1979, uShah wabaleka e-Iran, okwaholela ekubuyeni kukaKhomeini ekudingisweni. Inhlolovo kazwelonke ngo-April 1979 yaholela ekusekelweni okukhulu ekusungulweni kweRiphabhulikhi YamaSulumane. Kamuva, i-Iran yaba nochungechunge lwezinguquko kwezombusazwe nezenhlalo, okuhlanganisa ukwamukelwa komthetho wamaSulumane kanye nokubukelwa phansi kwamabutho ezwe kanye nakwesokunxele. Uguquko lwaba nemithelela ebalulekile yesifunda neyomhlaba wonke, okunomthelela ekushintsheni kwezepolitiki yezwe yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Ubudlelwano be-US-Iran nabo buye baba noshintsho olukhulu, ngokuthathwa kweNxusa laseMelika eTehran kanye nenkinga yokuthunjwa eyalandela, eyadala ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana iminyaka. Sekukonke, i-Iranian Revolution ibe yisehlakalo esibalulekile esalungisa kabusha isimo sezombangazwe sase-Iran, kwasungulwa uhulumeni wamaSulumane osabekezelele kuze kube namuhla.
Ukudla okudlela endlini
Izinguquko ziza ngazo zonke izinhlobo nobukhulu, kodwa emnyombweni wazo ziwukugqugquzelwa kwabantu abaningi kanyekanye okuketula kokubili uhulumeni kanye nezinhlaka zomphakathi ezeseka uhlelo lwezombangazwe, okuletha uguquko olusheshayo nolubalulekile emphakathini. Ukubaluleka kwalokhu kuguquguquka akukona nje kuphela ekushintsheni okumangalisayo kwamandla kanye nemibono kodwa nasezingxoxweni ezihlala njalo eziye zaqubula mayelana nemvelo yoshintsho, inqubekelaphambili, kanye nendima yomuntu ngamunye ngaphakathi kweqoqo lomphakathi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubhekwa njengezisusa ezinhle zoguquko oluhle noma kugxekwe izinxushunxushu ezizidalileyo, ngokungenakuphikwa lokhu kuvukela kwakha izahluko ezibalulekile endabeni yesintu, ezibonisa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemibono, izifiso, kanye nemizabalazo engokwemvelo yenkululeko nobulungiswa. Ekugcineni, ifa lalokhu kuguquguquka lidlulela ngalé komongo wakho womlando wamanje, osebenza njengezinsika zokuqonda ukuvela kwemiphakathi kanye nesifiso esingapheli somhlaba onokulingana nokulunga.