Kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko yomuntu, umlando uye wazibonela ukuvela kwezingqondo ezithile ezinkulu ngempela ezishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo. Izibalo ezivelele kuyo yonke imikhakha yesayensi, izibalo, ifilosofi, ubuciko, nezincwadi ziye zacebisa umlando womuntu ngezindlela eziningi. Nakuba ezinye zalezi zingqondo ezinhle zenze ukuphila kwethu kwaba lula ngokwakha ubuchwepheshe obuwusizo, ezinye ziye zaba negalelo kwisayensi yezokwelapha, okusenza sikwazi ukuphila impilo enempilo. Imiphakathi nempucuko ithuthuke yaze yafika lapho esikhona namuhla ngenxa yomsebenzi ababenawo laba babonisi kanye nabanye abaningi abalandela ezinyathelweni zabo.
Nazi izingqondo eziphezulu ezingu-20 emlandweni.
1. UMichael Faraday
UMichael Faraday wayengusosayensi oyiNgisi owabamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lwe-electromagnetism kanye ne-electrochemistry. Ukutholwa kwakhe okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi izimiso eziyisisekelo zokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, i-diamagnetism kanye ne-electrolysis. Ubalwa njengomunye wososayensi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni. U-Albert Einstein kuthiwa ukhuthazwe ngokujulile uFaraday.
I-2. U-Nikola Tesla
U-Nikola Tesla wayengumsunguli wase-Serbian-American, unjiniyela kagesi, unjiniyela wemishini, kanye ne-futurist owaziwa kakhulu ngeqhaza lakhe ekwakhiweni kohlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi olushintshashintshayo lwamanje (AC). Ukufeza kwakhe bekukuningi njengoba enamalungelo obunikazi acela ku-300 ngaphansi kwegama lakhe emazweni angama-26 ahlukene. U-Tesla uphinde wadala isilawuli kude sokuqala, i-x-ray yokuqala, futhi wasiza ekudaleni isitshalo sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
3. Archimedes
U-Archimedes waseSyracuse wayenguchwepheshe wezibalo ongumGreki, isazi sefiziksi, unjiniyela, isazi sezinkanyezi, kanye nomsunguli wedolobha lasendulo laseSyracuse eSicily. Uthathwa njengomunye wososayensi abahamba phambili emandulo zakudala. U-Archimedes ube ngumuntu wokuqala ukusebenzisa izibalo ezisetshenziswayo ukuchaza umhlaba wenyama. Ngokwesibonelo, wathola futhi wenza imithetho yama-levers nama-pulleys, namuhla asivumela ukuba sihambise izinto ezinzima kakhulu ngamandla amancane.
Ebhekwa njengesazi sezibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wasendulo, futhi esingesinye sezibalo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona, u-Archimedes wayelindele ukubala kwesimanje nokuhlaziya ngokusebenzisa umqondo wokuthi kuncane kakhulu kanye nendlela yokukhathala ukuze kutholwe futhi kufakazele ngokuqinile uhla lwetiyori yejiyomethri, kuhlanganise. : indawo yesiyingi; indawo engaphezulu nomthamo wendilinga; indawo ye-ellipse; indawo engaphansi kwe-parabola; umthamo wengxenye ye-paraboloid of revolution; umthamo wengxenye ye-hyperboloid of Revolution; kanye nendawo ye-spiral.
Waphinde wathola umthetho wokuhambahamba ovumela imikhumbi emikhulu yensimbi ukuthi ihlale intanta olwandle. U-Archimedes uphinde waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa ama-exponents kwizibalo ukuze abhale futhi achaze izinombolo ezinkulu. Uthole ukulinganisa okunembile kwe-pi. Cishe udume kakhulu ngokusungula imishini yempi enyantisayo eyagcina amaRoma Asendulo ekuthumbeni iSirakhuse iminyaka eminingana.
4. Sir Isaac Newton
USir Isaac Newton wayeyiNgisi isazi sezibalo, isazi sefiziksi, isazi sezinkanyezi, isazi samakhemikhali, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, nomlobi (owayechazwa ngesikhathi sakhe “njengesazi sefilosofi yemvelo”) owayeqashelwa kabanzi njengomunye wezazi zezibalo nefiziksi abakhulu kunawo wonke ezikhathini zonke naphakathi kososayensi ababenethonya elikhulu. Wayengumuntu oyinhloko ekuguquguqukeni kwefilosofi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Enlightenment.
Incwadi yakhe ethi Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1687, yasungula imishini yakudala, echaza umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi nemithetho yokunyakaza. Imithetho emithathu yokunyakaza kaNewton ibe nomthelela omkhulu kusayensi kunanoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi. Le mithetho yaholela ekwelapheni amandla adonsela phansi njengamandla asemhlabeni wonke, kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwamaplanethi, futhi ekugcineni nasekuhambeni emkhathini.
U-Newton uphinde wenza umnikelo omkhulu ku-optics, futhi wabelana ngesikweletu nesazi sezibalo saseJalimane u-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ngokusungula i-infinitesimal calculus, engaxazulula izinkinga eziningi zesayensi, ezomnotho, nobunjiniyela i-algebra engakwazi ngayo. Wakha isibonakude esikhanyayo, waba ngowokuqala ukwephula imisebe yokukhanya ibe imibala esebenzisa iprism.
5. Alan Turing
U-Alan Mathison Turing wayenguchwepheshe wezibalo waseNgilandi, usosayensi wekhompyutha, uchwepheshe wezongqondongqondo, i-cryptanalyst, isazi sefilosofi, kanye nesazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. I-Turing yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yekhompiyutha yethiyori, ihlinzeka ngokusemthethweni kwemiqondo ye-algorithm nokubala ngomshini we-Turing, ongathathwa njengemodeli yekhompiyutha yenhloso evamile. Ubhekwa kabanzi njengoyise wesayensi yekhompiyutha yethiyori kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
6. ULeonardo da Vinci
ULeonardo di ser Piero da Vinci wayeyi-polymath yase-Italy ye-High Renaissance eyayisebenza njengomdwebi, umdwebi, unjiniyela, usosayensi, i-theorist, umqophi kanye nomdwebi wezakhiwo. Kunzima ukuthola omunye umuntu emlandweni obenolwazi olwengeziwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kune-Da Vinci. I-polymath ephakeme kakhulu, u-Da Vinci waphenya nge-anatomy, isayensi yezinkanyezi, isayensi yezitshalo, i-cartography, imidwebo, kanye ne-paleontology.
Ubeyingcweti, umqophi wezithombe futhi utuswa ngokuba nomcabango ongakaze ubonwe nekhono lokusungula imibono emisha. Utuswa ngenqwaba yezinto ezisunguliwe nezinto ezitholwe yisayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, wasungula ithange eminyakeni engu-400 ngaphambi kokuba libe ngokoqobo. Waklama i-Knight engumshini eyayaziwa ngokuthi irobhothi likaLeonardo. Waklama isandulela sesudi yesimanje yokutshuza.
Futhi wabuye wacabanga nge-parachute, indiza enophephela emhlane, negiya lokufika ngaphambi kwesikhathi sabo. Ku-anatomy, uDa Vinci wenza ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lomzimba womuntu olwake lwenziwa. Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20, ucwaningo lwakhe lwaholela ekuvumbululeni okuningana emkhakheni we-anatomy. Ezobuciko, uDa Vinci wayebhekwa njengomunye wabadwebi abakhulu kunabo bonke. Wakha mhlawumbe umdwebo odume kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando owaziwa ngokuthi i-Mona Lisa.
7. I-Pythagoras
UPythagoras waseSamos wayeyisazi sefilosofi yamaGreki e-Ionian yasendulo kanye nomsunguli ongaziwa wePythagoreanism. Izimfundiso zakhe zezombangazwe nezenkolo zaziwa kakhulu eMagna Graecia futhi zathonya amafilosofi kaPlato, ka-Aristotle, futhi, ngawo, ifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga. UPythagoras wanconywa uPlato ngemibono eminingi eyinhloko ezibalweni, isayensi, izimiso zokuziphatha nefilosofi. Kanye nokubalwa ngamathiyori ezibalo.
I-8 U-Albert Einstein
U-Albert Einstein wayeyisazi sefiziksi saseJalimane esazalelwa eJalimane, owamukelwa kabanzi njengomunye wochwepheshe befiziksi abakhulu nabanamandla kunabo bonke. U-Einstein waziwa kakhulu ngokuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana, kodwa futhi wenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori ye-quantum mechanics. Ukuhlobana kanye ne-quantum mechanics ndawonye kuyizinsika ezimbili zefiziksi yesimanje.
Umsebenzi wakhe unikeze ubufakazi obunamandla bethiyori ye-athomu kanye nokuba khona kwama-athomu nama-molecule. Uphinde wanquma usayizi wama-molecule futhi waqinisekisa inombolo ye-Avogadro. Ifomula yakhe yokulinganisa amandla amakhulu E = mc2, eqhamuka kuthiyori yokuhlobana, ibizwe ngokuthi “izibalo ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni”. Umsebenzi wakhe waziwa nangethonya lawo kufilosofi yesayensi.
Wathola uMklomelo kaNobel we-1921 ku-Physics "ngezinkonzo zakhe ku-physics ye-theoretical, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokuthola kwakhe umthetho womphumela we-photoelectric", isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ithiyori ye-quantum. Impumelelo yakhe yobuhlakani kanye nokuvela kwakhe kwaholela ekutheni elithi “Einstein” lifane nelithi “genius”.
9. UMax Planck
UMax Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck wayengusosayensi wesayensi yetiyetha waseJalimane ukutholakala kwakhe kwe-energy quanta kwamzuzela uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics ngo-1918. UPlanck wenza igalelo elikhulu ku-theoretical physics, kodwa udumo lwakhe njengesazi se-physics luncike kakhulu endimeni yakhe njengomsunguli we-quantum. ithiyori, eyaguqula ukuqonda komuntu izinqubo ze-athomu ne-subatomic.
10. UNicolaus Copernicus
U-Nicolaus Copernicus wayeyi-polymath ye-Renaissance, esebenza njengesazi sezibalo, isazi sezinkanyezi, udokotela, isazi sakudala, nesazi sezomnotho, owakha imodeli yendawo yonke eyabeka iLanga esikhundleni soMhlaba phakathi nendawo. Ngokunokwenzeka, uCopernicus wakha imodeli yakhe ngaphandle kuka-Aristarchus waseSamos, isazi sezinkanyezi sasendulo esingumGreki owaklama umfanekiso onjalo emakhulwini ayishumi nesishiyagalombili ngaphambili.
Ukushicilelwa kwesibonelo sikaCopernicus encwadini yakhe ethi De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe ngo-1543, kwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni wesayensi, kwaqala iNguquko YaseCopernican futhi kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umnotho wezwe. Inguquko Yesayensi. Ngo-1517 wathola ithiyori yenani lemali - umqondo obalulekile kwezomnotho - futhi ngo-1519 wenza isimiso sezomnotho kamuva esabizwa ngokuthi umthetho kaGresham.
11. U-Aristotle
U-Aristotle wayeyisazi sefilosofi yamaGreki kanye ne-polymath ngesikhathi se-Classical eGreece Yasendulo. Imibhalo yakhe ihlanganisa izifundo eziningi ezihlanganisa i-physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, izinkondlo, yaseshashalazini, umculo, ukukhuluma, ukufunda kwengqondo, izilimi, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, i-meteorology, i-geology, kanye nohulumeni. U-Aristotle wanikeza inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yamafilosofi ahlukahlukene ayekhona ngaphambi kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwakho konke kwakuvela ezimfundisweni zakhe lapho iNtshonalanga yazuza njengefa lesichazamazwi sayo sobuhlakani, kanye nezinkinga nezindlela zokubuza.
Ngenxa yalokho, ifilosofi yakhe ibe nethonya eliyingqayizivele cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zolwazi eNtshonalanga futhi iyaqhubeka nokuba yisihloko sengxoxo yefilosofi yesimanje. Ngisho nochwepheshe abaningi basho ukuthi u-Aristotle kungenzeka abe ngumuntu wokugcina ukwazi yonke imikhakha eyaziwayo emhlabeni. Le minikelo ezifundweni eziningi yenze u-Aristotle waba omunye wabantu abadume kakhulu kunabo bonke. Ubhekwa kabanzi njengomunye wabantu abanethonya kunabo bonke abake baphila, onikeza ukuqonda kuzo zonke izici zolwazi lomuntu.
12. UGalileo Galilei
UGalileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei wayeyisazi sezinkanyezi sase-Italy, isazi sefiziksi, unjiniyela, isazi sezibalo, nesazi sefilosofi esabamba iqhaza elikhulu kuNguquko Yezesayensi ngesikhathi seRenaissance. UGalileo uye wabizwa ngokuthi “ubaba” wesayensi yezinkanyezi, isayensi yesimanje, indlela yesayensi, nesayensi yesimanje.Wenza intuthuko ephawulekayo yesibonakude okwaholela ekuhloleni okumangalisayo kwezinkanyezi.
Ukuqaphela kwakhe uVenus kwafakazela ukuthi iLanga laliyinkaba yendawo yonke hhayi umhlaba. Wathola nezinyanga ezine ezinkulu zeJupiter. UGalileo wasungula i-thermoscope eyavula indlela yokusungulwa kwe-thermometer. Wasungula nekhampasi yezempi enembe kakhudlwana. Futhi Ukungaguquguquki kwakhe kweGalile kwabeka isisekelo sayo yomibili imithetho kaNewton yokunyakaza kanye nenkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein yokuhlobana.
13. Louis Pasteur
U-Louis Pasteur wayengusokhemisi ongumFulentshi kanye nesazi sezinto ezincane eziphilayo esidume ngokuthola kwakhe izimiso zokugoma, ukuvutshelwa kwe-microbial, kanye ne-pasteurization. Ucwaningo lwakhe ku-chemistry lwaholela ekuphumeleleni okuphawulekayo ekuqondeni izimbangela nokuvimbela izifo, okwabeka izisekelo zokuhlanzeka, impilo yomphakathi kanye nemithi eminingi yesimanje.
Imisebenzi yakhe kuthiwa isindise izigidi zezimpilo ngokwakhiwa kwemithi yokugomela amarabi kanye ne-anthrax. Uthathwa njengomunye wabasunguli besayensi ye-bacteriology yesimanje futhi uhlonishwe “njengoyise we-bacteriology” futhi “njengoyise we-microbiology” (kanye noRobert Koch, kanye ne-epithet yakamuva nayo kuthiwa ibhalwe ngu-Antonie van Leeuwenhoek).
14. UMarie Curie
UMarie Salomea Skłodowska Curie wayengudokotela wefiziksi nosokhemisi wasePoland futhi owenziwe ngokwemvelo-waseFrance. Impumelelo yakhe ephawuleka kakhulu kwaba ukutholakala kwe-radium ne-polonium. UCurie ekuqaleni waqamba igama elithi “radioactivity” futhi walisebenzisa njengekhambi elingenzeka lomdlavuza. Ube ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuzuza uMklomelo KaNobel, futhi engumuntu wokuqala noyedwa wesifazane owathola uMklomelo KaNobel kabili.
Futhi uyena kuphela umuntu owine uMklomelo KaNobel emikhakheni emibili yesayensi. Umyeni wakhe, uPierre Curie, wawina kanye naye emklomelweni wakhe wokuqala kaNobel, okubenze baba umbhangqwana wokuqala owake washada owathola uMklomelo KaNobel futhi wethula ifa lomndeni wakwaCurie lemiklomelo emihlanu kaNobel. Ngo-1906, wayengowesifazane wokuqala ukuba uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseParis.
I-15 UCharles Darwin
UCharles Robert Darwin wayengusazi semvelo esiyiNgisi, isazi sokuma komhlaba kanye nesazi sezinto eziphilayo, owaziwa kakhulu ngamagalelo akhe kusayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukutholwa kwesayensi kukaDarwin kuyinkolelo-mbono ehlanganisayo yesayensi yokuphila, echaza ukuhlukahluka kokuphila. Isiphakamiso sakhe sokuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zivela kokhokho abavamile manje sesamukelwa kabanzi futhi sibhekwa njengomqondo oyisisekelo kwezesayensi. Uchazwe njengomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesintu.
Encwadini ayihlanganyela no-Alfred Russel Wallace, wethula inkolelo-mbono yakhe yesayensi yokuthi le ndlela yokuguquguquka kwemvelo yavela enqubweni ayibiza ngokuthi ukukhethwa kwemvelo, lapho umzabalazo wokuba khona unomphumela ofanayo nokukhethwa kokwenziwa okuhilelekile ekuzaleni okukhethekile. UDarwin wanyathelisa imfundiso yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo enobufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda encwadini yakhe yango-1859 ethi On the Origin of Species. Ngawo-1870, umphakathi wezesayensi kanye neningi labantu abafundile base beyamukele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo njengeqiniso.
16.Adam Smith
U-Adam Smith wayengusomnotho nesazi sefilosofi saseScotland owayeyingqalabutho yezomnotho wezepolitiki kanye nomuntu obalulekile ngesikhathi sokuKhanyiswa kweScotland. Okwaziwa nangokuthi “UBaba Wezomnotho” noma “Ubaba Wobunxiwankulu”, wabhala izincwadi ezimbili zakudala, iTheory of Moral Sentiments (1759) kanye ne-An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). Lesi sakamuva, esivame ukufushaniswa njengeThe Wealth of Nations, kuthathwa njenge-magnum opus yakhe kanye nomsebenzi wokuqala wesimanje wezomnotho.
Encwadini yakhe, uSmith wethula inkolelo-mbono yakhe yenzuzo ephelele. USmith ubeke izisekelo zethiyori yezomnotho yemakethe yamahhala. I-Wealth of Nations yayiyisandulela semfundo yesimanje yezomnotho. Kulokhu nakweminye imisebenzi, wakha umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwezisebenzi futhi wachaza ukuthi ukuzicabangela okunengqondo nokuncintisana kungaholela kanjani ekuchumeni komnotho. Umsebenzi wakhe usadlala indima enkulu kwezomnotho zanamuhla.
17. Euclid
U-Euclid, kwesinye isikhathi obizwa ngokuthi u-Euclid wase-Alexandria ukumhlukanisa no-Euclid waseMegara, wayeyisazi sezibalo esingumGreki, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umsunguli wejiyomethri” noma “ubaba wejiyomethri”. I-Elements yakhe ingenye yezincwadi ezinomthelela omkhulu emlandweni wezibalo. Kuma-Elements, u-Euclid ukhiphe ama-theorems alokho manje osekubizwa nge-Euclidean geometry esusela kusethi encane yama-axiom. U-Euclid uphinde wabhala imisebenzi emayelana nombono, izigaba ze-conic, i-spherical geometry, ithiyori yezinombolo, kanye nokuqina kwezibalo.
I-18. UStephen Hawking
UStephen William Hawking wayengumbhali we-English theory physicist, cosmologist kanye nombhali. Imisebenzi yesayensi ka-Hawking yayihlanganisa ukusebenzisana no-Roger Penrose mayelana nezithiyori zokuqina kwamandla adonsela phansi ohlakeni lokuhlobana okujwayelekile, kanye nokubikezela kwethiyori ukuthi izimbobo ezimnyama zikhipha imisebe, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi imisebe ye-Hawking.
U-Hawking waba ngowokuqala ukubeka ithiyori ye-cosmology echazwe yinyunyana yethiyori evamile yokuhlobana kanye ne-quantum mechanics. Wayengumsekeli onamandla wokuhunyushwa kwemihlaba eminingi ye-quantum mechanics. U-Hawking wazuza impumelelo kwezohwebo ngemisebenzi eminingana yesayensi ethandwayo lapho ayexoxa khona ngemibono yakhe kanye nesayensi yendawo yonke.
19. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
UWolfgang Amadeus Mozart wayengumqambi owaziwayo futhi onethonya wenkathi Yakudala. Naphezu kokuphila kwakhe okufushane, ijubane lakhe elisheshayo lokuqamba laholela emisebenzini engaphezu kuka-800 cishe yazo zonke izinhlobo zesikhathi sakhe. Eziningi zalezi zingoma zivunywa njengeziqongo ze-symphonic, ikhonsathi, i-chamber, i-operatic, ne-choral repertoire. I-Mozart iphakathi kwabaqambi abakhulu emlandweni womculo waseNtshonalanga, nomculo onconywa "ngobuhle bawo, ubuhle bawo obusemthethweni kanye nokucebile kwawo kokuzwana nokuthungwa".
20. UGottfried W. Leibniz
U-Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz wayeyi-polymath yaseJalimane esebenza njengesazi sezibalo, isazi sefilosofi, usosayensi, kanye nesazi sezibalo. Ungumuntu ovelele kuwo womabili umlando wefilosofi nomlando wezibalo. Wabhala imisebenzi ngefilosofi, imfundiso yenkolo, izimiso zokuziphatha, ezombusazwe, umthetho, umlando kanye nefilosofi. U-Leibniz uphinde waba neqhaza elikhulu ku-physics nobuchwepheshe, kanye nemibono eyayilindelekile eyavela kamuva ku-probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, kanye nesayensi yekhompyutha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba neqhaza emkhakheni wesayensi yomtapo wolwazi: ngenkathi ekhonza njengombonisi womtapo wolwazi iWolfenbüttel eJalimane, wakha uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwezincwadi olwalungasebenza njengomhlahlandlela wemitapo yolwazi eminingi emikhulu yaseYurophu. Iminikelo kaLeibniz kulolu chungechunge lwezihloko yasakazwa komagazini abahlukahlukene abafundile, emashumini ezinkulungwane zezinhlamvu, nasemibhalweni yesandla engashicilelwe. Wabhala ngezilimi eziningana, ikakhulukazi ngesiLatini, isiFulentshi nesiJalimane, kodwa nangesiNgisi, isiNtaliyane nesiDashi.