Iphoyinti lokuminyanisa lisho indawo yamacebo, njengendawo ewumngcingo noma indawo yokungena, lapho ukulawulwa noma ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu ezizweni zempi, ezomnotho, noma zezombusazwe. Lezi zindawo zivame ukusebenza njengezingqinamba noma iziphambano ezibucayi okufanele kudlule kuzo iningi lezokuthutha, ezohwebo, noma zezempi, okuzenza zibe sengcupheni yokungezwani kwezombusazwe, ubugebengu, nezinye izinsongo zokuphepha. Amaphoyinti e-Choke angenzeka ezindaweni zasolwandle nezasemhlabeni.
- Esimeni sasolwandle, izindawo zokuminyanisa ziyizindlela zamanzi eziwumngcingo ezibalulekile ekuzulazuleni olwandle nasekuhwebeni. Zivame ukubonakala ngobubanzi bazo obulinganiselwe futhi zibalulekile ekuxhumeni imizimba emikhulu yamanzi. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ama-straight, imisele, noma imigudu eyenza ukuhamba kwemikhumbi phakathi kolwandle noma ulwandle.
- Ezweni, izindawo eziminyanisayo zingaba izici zezwe ezifana nezintaba, izigodi, noma imiphanjana emikhulu elawula ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezithile. Lezi zindawo zibalulekile kakhulu emikhankasweni yezempi, imizila yokuhweba, noma amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha.
Ukubaluleka kwamaphoyinti okuminyanisa kusebungozini bokulawula noma ukuphazanyiswa. Uma izwe noma ibhizinisi lingaba nomthelela noma lilawule indawo yokuminyanisa, lingakwazi ukulawula noma ukukhawulela ukuhanjiswa kwezimpahla, abantu, noma impahla yezempi, ngaleyo ndlela libe nomthelela ekuguquguqukeni kwesifunda noma komhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, izindawo eziminyanisayo zivame ukuba yizinkamba zokuncintisana ngokwezwe, futhi ukungezwani kulezi zindawo kungaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe, ezokuphepha, kanye nezohwebo.
Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile wokuminyanisa womhlaba.
1. Strait of Hormuz
I-Strait of Hormuz iwumngcele ophakathi kwePersian Gulf neGulf of Oman. Ihlinzeka ngokuwukuphela kwendlela yolwandle esuka ePersian Gulf ukuya olwandle oluvulekile futhi ingenye yezindawo zokuminyanisa ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Ogwini olusenyakatho kukhona i-Iran, kanti ogwini oluseningizimu kukhona inhlonhlo yeMusandam, okwabelwana ngayo yi-United Arab Emirates kanye neMusandam Governorate, okuyi-exclave yase-Oman.
I-strait ingamakhilomitha angama-90 ubude, ububanzi buhluka ukusuka ku-167 nmi (52 km) kuya ku-96 nmi (21 km). Ingxenye yesithathu yegesi yemvelo ewuketshezi emhlabeni kanye nama-39% okusetshenziswa kukawoyela emhlabeni wonke kudlula kulo mgwaqo, okuyenza ibe yindawo enamasu abaluleke kakhulu ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka kunjalo; udedangendlale wamazwe akhona ayecebile ngempahla yohwebo ewubukhazikhazi kungekho ukufinyelela okulula kumachweba okuhweba anenzuzo enkulu.
2. Bab-el-Mandeb
I-Bab-el-Mandeb iyichweba eliphakathi kweYemen eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia kanye ne-Djibouti kanye ne-Eritrea e-Horn of Africa. Ixhuma uLwandle Olubomvu neGulf of Aden futhi ngokwandisa i-Indian Ocean. I-strait ithola igama layo ezingozini zokuhamba kwayo noma, ngokusho kwenganekwane yama-Arabhu, ezinombolweni ezaminza ukuzamazama komhlaba okwahlukanisa iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia noPhondweni Lwe-Afrika.
Ibanga eliwela ngaphesheya lingamakhilomitha angama-26 (16 mi) ukusuka eRas Menheli eYemen kuya eRas Siyyan e-Djibouti. I-Bab el-Mandeb Strait ingamamayela angu-18 ububanzi endaweni yayo encane kakhulu, ikhawulela ukuhamba kwamathangi eziteshini ezimbili ezingamamayela angu-2 ukuze kuthunyelwe impahla engenayo naleyo ephumayo. I-Bab-el-Mandeb isebenza njengeqhinga lokuxhumana phakathi kwe-Indian Ocean noLwandle iMedithera ngoLwandle Olubomvu kanye neSuez Canal.
3. Strait of Malacca
I-Malacca Strait iyindawo encane yamanzi, i-500 mi (800 km) ubude futhi isuka ku-40 kuya ku-155 mi (65-250 km) ububanzi, ephakathi kwesiqhingi sase-Indonesia iSumatra eningizimu-ntshonalanga neNhlonhlo yaseMalay (Peninsular Malaysia) enyakatho-mpumalanga, exhuma i-Andaman Sea (i-Indian Ocean) ne-Singapore Strait kanye ne-South China Sea (i-Pacific Ocean) Njengomzila omkhulu wemikhumbi phakathi kwe-Indian Ocean kanye ne-South China Sea, ungomunye wemizila yemikhumbi ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Iqanjwe nge-Phyllanthus emblica, eyaziwa abantu bendawo ngokuthi isihlahla se-Malaka, esitshalwe ezifundeni ezisogwini eduze kwe-strait.
4. I-Panama Canal
I-Panama Canal iyindlela yokwenziwa yamanzi engamakhilomitha angu-82 (amamayela angu-51) e-Panama ehlanganisa uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic noLwandlekazi i-Pacific, inqamule i-Isthmus yasePanama, futhi iyindlela yokuhweba olwandle. I-Canal ivala ekugcineni ngakunye iphakamisa imikhumbi iye e-Gatun Lake, ichibi lokwenziwa lamanzi ahlanzekile elingamamitha angu-26 (85 ft) ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, elidalwe ngokuvimba umfula i-Chagres kanye neLake Alajuela ukuze kwehliswe inani lomsebenzi wokumba odingekayo emseleni, bese kuba yehlisa imikhumbi ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Isilinganiso sama-200,000,000 L (52,000,000 US gal) wamanzi ahlanzekile asetshenziswa ekudluleni okukodwa komkhumbi. Isinqamuleli sePanama Canal sisinciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuba imikhumbi ihambe phakathi kolwandle i-Atlantic nePacific, iyenze ikwazi ukugwema umzila omude, oyingozi ozungeza ichopho eliseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika ngeDrake Passage noma iStrait of Magellan. Ingenye yamaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela amakhulu kakhulu futhi anzima kakhulu ake enziwa.
5. I-Suez Canal
I-Suez Canal iwumzila wamanzi wokwenziwa osezingeni lolwandle e-Egypt, oxhuma uLwandle LwaseMedithera noLwandle Olubomvu ngokusebenzisa i-Isthmus of Suez futhi uhlukanisa i-Afrika ne-Asia (futhi ngokunwetshwa, iNhlonhlo yaseSinayi kuyo yonke i-Egypt). Umsele ongamakhilomitha angu-193.30 ubude (120.11 mi) uyindlela yokuhweba ebalulekile phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia. Inikeza imikhumbi indlela eqondile phakathi kweNyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye nolwandle olusenyakatho ye-Indian ngoLwandle iMedithera kanye noLwandle Olubomvu, igwema i-South Atlantic kanye nolwandle oluseningizimu ye-Indian.
Umsele unciphisa ibanga lohambo olusuka oLwandle i-Arabia ukuya eLondon cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-8,900 (5,500 mi), lube yizinsuku eziyi-10 kumafindo angama-20 (37 km/h; 23 mph) noma izinsuku eziyi-8 ku-24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph. ). Umsele usuka endaweni yokuphela esenyakatho yePort Said uye endaweni eseningizimu yePort Tewfik edolobheni laseSuez. Umsele udlale indima ebalulekile yesu lezempi njengendawo enqamulelayo kanye nendawo yokuminyanisa. Imikhumbi yemikhumbi enogu nezisekelo kukho kokubili oLwandle iMedithera kanye noLwandle Olubomvu (i-Egypt ne-Israel) inentshisekelo ethile eSuez Canal.
6. I-Strait of Gibraltar
I-Strait of Gibraltar iyingcingo ewumngcingo ehlanganisa i-Atlantic Ocean noLwandle iMedithera futhi ihlukanisa iYurophu ne-Afrika. Lawa mazwekazi womabili ahlukaniswe ngamakhilomitha ayi-13 (8.1 miles; 7.0 nautical miles) olwandle endaweni encane yeStrait phakathi kwePoint Marroquí eSpain kanye nePoint Cires eMorocco. I-Strait isemanzini aseMorocco, eSpain, kanye naseBrithani phesheya kwezilwandle endaweni yaseGibraltar.
7. I-Strait of Dover
I-Strait of Dover noma i-Dover Strait iyingcingo engxenyeni ewumngcingo ye-English Channel, ephawula umngcele phakathi kweChannel noLwandle Olusenyakatho, futhi ihlukanisa iGreat Britain nezwekazi lase-Europe. Ibanga elifushane kakhulu ukuwela i-strait, cishe amamayela angu-20 (amakhilomitha angu-32), lisuka eNingizimu Foreland, enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Dover esifundeni saseNgilandi sase-Kent, ukuya eCap Gris Nez, eKapa eduze naseCalais endaweni yaseFrance yasePas-de. -Calais. Lonke leli chweba lingaphakathi kwamanzi e-France nase-United Kingdom.
8. Strait of Magellan
I-Strait of Magellan, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Straits of Magellan, iyindlela yokuhamba yasolwandle eningizimu yeChile ehlukanisa izwe eliseNingizimu Melika ngasenyakatho neTierra del Fuego eningizimu. I-Strait ithathwa njengendlela yemvelo ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kolwandle i-Atlantic nePacific. I-strait cishe i-570 km (310 nmi; 350 mi) ubude kanye ne-2 km (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) ububanzi endaweni yayo encane kakhulu.
Ngo-1520, uhambo lwaseSpain lukaFerdinand Magellan, okuqanjwe ngalo le chweba, lwaba abantu bokuqala baseYurophu ukulithola. Kunzima ukuhamba umzila ngenxa yokuba mincane kakhulu kanye nemimoya nemisinga engalindelekile. Ukuhlola osolwandle manje kuyimpoqo. I-Strait ifushane futhi ivikeleke kakhulu kune-Drake Passage, umzila ovame ukuvunguza olwandle ovulekile ozungeze i-Cape Horn, ehlaselwe yimimoya enamandla kanye nezinguzunga zeqhwa.
9. Isiteshi se-Beagle
I-Beagle Channel iyingqalabutho e-Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, ekugcineni eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika phakathi kweChile ne-Argentina. Isiteshi sihlukanisa isiqhingi esikhulu esikhulu se-Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego eziqhingini ezincane ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa iziqhingi zasePicton, iLennox neNueva; I-Navarino; Umsingathi; Londonderry; kanye noStewart. Indawo esempumalanga yesiteshi iyingxenye yomngcele ophakathi kwe-Chile ne-Argentina futhi indawo esentshonalanga ingaphakathi kwe-Chile ngokuphelele.
I-Beagle Channel, i-Straits of Magellan enyakatho, kanye nolwandle oluvulekile lwe-Drake Passage eningizimu yizindlela ezintathu zokuhamba ngemikhumbi ezizungeze iNingizimu Melika phakathi kwePacific ne-Atlantic Ocean. Imikhumbi eminingi yezentengiso isebenzisa iDrake Passage yolwandle oluvulekile. I-Beagle Channel ingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-240 (130 nmi; 150 mi) ubude namakhilomitha angu-5 (3 nmi; 3 mi) ububanzi endaweni yayo encane kakhulu. Isuka eNueva Island empumalanga iye eDarwin Sound naseCook Bay ePacific Ocean entshonalanga.
10. Drake Passage
I-Drake Passage iwumzimba wamanzi phakathi kweNingizimu Melika yaseCape Horn, eChile, e-Argentina kanye neziqhingi zaseNingizimu Shetland zase-Antarctica. Ixhuma ingxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic (uLwandle i-Scotia) nengxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Pacific futhi inabele eSouthern Ocean. Leli vesi liqanjwe ngomhloli wamazwe waseNgilandi wangekhulunyaka le-16 uSir Francis Drake. I-Drake Passage ithathwa njengolunye lohambo olukhohlisayo kakhulu olwenziwa yimikhumbi.
Ama-currents ku-latitude yawo awakwazi ukumelana nanoma iyiphi inhlabathi, futhi amagagasi afinyelela phezulu ngamamitha angu-40 (12 m), okuyenza ibe nedumela “lokuhlangana okunamandla kolwandle”. Njengoba i-Drake Passage iyindlela encane kunazo zonke (iphuzu lokuminxa) ezungeze i-Antarctica, ukuba khona kwayo nokuma kwayo kuthonya kakhulu ukuhamba kwamanzi e-Antarctica kanye nokujikeleza kolwandle emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke. I-bathymetry ye-Drake Passage idlala indima ebalulekile ekuxubeni kwamanzi olwandle emhlabeni jikelele.
11. Cape of Good Hope
I-Cape of Good Hope iyindawo enamatshe ogwini lwe-Atlantic e-Cape Peninsula eNingizimu Afrika. Nokho, lapho ilandela uhlangothi olungasentshonalanga logu lwase-Afrika ukusuka enkabazwe, iCape of Good Hope iphawula indawo lapho umkhumbi uqala khona ukuhamba ubheke empumalanga kakhulu kunaseningizimu. Njengelinye lamachweba amakhulu eSouth Atlantic Ocean, sekuyisikhathi eside ibaluleke kakhulu amatilosi. I-Cape of Good Hope ivame ukusetshenziswa njengenye indlela eya eSuez Canal, emikhunjini edinga umzila ohlukile osuka e-Indian Ocean.
12. I-Bering Strait
IBering Strait iyingcingo ephakathi kolwandle iPacific ne-Arctic, ehlukanisa iNhlonhlo yaseChukchi yaseMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia neNhlonhlo yaseSeward yase-Alaska. IBering Strait icishe ibe ngamakhilomitha angama-82 (51 mi) ububanzi endaweni yayo encane kakhulu, phakathi kweCape Dezhnev, iNhlonhlo yaseChukchi, eRussia, indawo esempumalanga yezwekazi lase-Asia kanye neCape Prince of Wales, Alaska, United States, indawo esentshonalanga yeNyakatho. Izwekazi laseMelika. I-Strait iqanjwe ngoVitus Bering, umhloli wamazwe waseDenmark osebenzela uMbuso WaseRussia.
13. I-Bosphorus Strait
I-Bosporus noma i-Bosphorus Strait iyingcingo yemvelo kanye nomzila wamanzi obalulekile emhlabeni wonke otholakala e-Istanbul, eTurkey. I-Bosporus ixhuma uLwandle Olumnyama noLwandle lwaseMarmara futhi yakha omunye wemingcele yezwekazi phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu. Iphinde ihlukanise iTurkey ngokuhlukanisa i-Anatolia ne-Thrace. Iwumngcingo omncane kunawo wonke emhlabeni osetshenziselwa ukuzulazula kwamanye amazwe. I-Bosporus Strait kanye ne-Dardanelles Strait ekupheleni koLwandle LwaseMarmara ndawonye zaziwa ngokuthi i-Turkish Straits.
14. I-Dardanelles Strait
I-Dardanelles, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Strait of Gallipoli (emva kwenhlonhlo yase-Gallipoli) kanye nase-Classical Antiquity njenge-Hellespont, iwumngcingo omncane, wemvelo kanye nomzila wamanzi obalulekile emhlabeni jikelele enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTurkey eyenza ingxenye yomngcele wezwekazi phakathi kwe-Asia neYurophu futhi uhlukanisa. I-Asian Turkey evela eTurkey yaseYurophu. Kanye neBosporus, iDardanelles yakha iTurkish Straits.
Enye yezindlela eziwumngcingo emhlabeni ezisetshenziselwa ukuzulazula kwamanye amazwe, i-Dardanelles ixhuma uLwandle lwase-Marmara nolwandle i-Aegean kanye neMedithera ngenkathi ivumela ukudlulela oLwandle Olumnyama ngokunwetshwa nge-Bosporus. I-Dardanelles ingamakhilomitha angama-61 (38 mi) ubude kanye namakhilomitha ayi-1.2 kuye kwayisi-6 (0.75 kuya ku-3.73 mi) ububanzi. Inokujula okumaphakathi kwamamitha angama-55 (180 ft) nokujula okuphezulu kwamamitha ayi-103 (338 ft) endaweni yayo emincane eduze kwedolobha lase-Çanakkale.
15. Strait of Tartary
I-Strait of Tartary noma iGulf of Tartary iyichweba ePacific Ocean ehlukanisa isiqhingi saseRussia iSakhalin nezwekazi lase-Asia (eNingizimu-mpumalanga yeRussia), exhuma uLwandle lwase-Okhotsk (Nevelskoy Strait) enyakatho noLwandle lwaseJapan eningizimu. . Ingamakhilomitha angu-632 (393 mi) ubude, amakhilomitha angu-7-342 (4.3-212.5 mi) ububanzi, futhi ingaphansi kwama-210 m (690 ft) ukujula endaweni yayo ejulile.
16. Khyber Pass
I-Khyber Pass iyintaba esifundazweni i-Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ePakistan, emngceleni weSifundazwe saseNangarhar sase-Afghanistan. Ixhuma idolobha laseLandi Kotal nesigodi sasePeshawar eJamrud ngokunqamula ingxenye yezintaba eziMhlophe. Njengoba ubuyingxenye yomgwaqo kaSilk wasendulo, bekuyindlela yokuhweba ebalulekile phakathi kwe-Asia Emaphakathi nezwekazi lase-India kanye nendawo yezempi yamasu yokuklinywa ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene ebeziyilawula. I-Khyber Pass ithathwa njengenye yezintaba ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni.
Isiphetho
Ukubaluleka kwendawo yezepolitiki yala maphuzu aminyanisayo angeke kugcizelelwe. Lezi ziqephu eziwumngcingo ziwumgogodla wokuhweba komhlaba wonke, futhi noma ikuphi ukuphazamiseka noma ukungezwani/izingxabano kulezi zifunda kuvame ukuba nemiphumela efinyelela kude, ethinta ukuzinza kwezimakethe zomhlaba, amanani entengo yamandla, kanye nesimo sezwe. Amazwe anokulawula noma anethonya kulezi zigaba zamasu angasebenzisa amandla abalulekile kanye nethonya ezindabeni zomhlaba. Imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka nokuzinza kwalezi zingxenye ezibalulekile ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba kahle kwezimpahla nezinsiza endaweni yamazwe ngamazwe.