Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle e-Afrika ibe sisihloko somdla obalulekileyo kwihlabathi kunye nengxoxo kumashumi eminyaka. Iquka uluhlu olubanzi lwezemali, ubugcisa, kunye noncedo loluntu olunikezelwa ngoorhulumente bangaphandle, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente (NGOs), kunye neziseko zobubele kumazwe ase-Afrika. Iinjongo eziphambili zoncedo lwangaphandle e-Afrika kukunciphisa intlupheko, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuphuculweyo, imfundo, kunye neziseko zophuhliso, kunye nokujongana nemiba efana nokusombulula iingxabano, amalungelo oluntu kunye nokuzinza kwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle, impembelelo, kunye neempikiswano ezijikeleze uncedo lwangaphandle eAfrika ziye zakhuthaza iingxoxo ezinzima.
Umxholo wembali
Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle e-Afrika lunemvelaphi enzulu yembali. Amazwe amaninzi aseAfrika alawulwa ngamathanga aseYurophu, yaye emva kokuba efumene inkululeko phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, ayesoloko egcina amaqhina asondeleyo nabafuduki bawo bangaphambili. Olu nxulumano lwembali luphembelele ubudlelwane boncedo, kunye namagunya obukoloniyali ahlala ebonelela ngoncedo njengendlela yokugcina impembelelo okanye ukujongana noxanduva lwasemva kobukoloniyali. Ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo, iUnited States kunye neSoviet Union zasebenzisa uncedo lwangaphandle njengesixhobo se-geopolitical, zixhasa oorhulumente baseAfrika abahambelana neengcinga zabo.
Ukuvela koncedo
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ugqaliselo loncedo lwangaphandle e-Afrika luye lwatshintsha. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980 no-1990, iinkqubo zohlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo ezibekwe ngamaziko emali kumazwe ngamazwe zazixhaphakile, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiziphumo ezixubeneyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ezi nkqubo zihlala zandisa ubuhlwempu nokungalingani. Emva koko, kubekho utshintsho olubhekiselele kuncedo olujoliswe ngakumbi nolujolise kwiziphumo, kugxininiswa kwezempilo, imfundo kunye neziseko zoncedo. Izigaba ezininzi zoncedo lwangaphandle zinokuchongwa:
a. Iminyaka yokuqala (1960-1970s)
Ngeli xesha, uncedo lwangaphandle oluya e-Afrika lugxile ikakhulu kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo, kubandakanywa iindlela, iibhulorho kunye namadama. Abaxhasi abakhulu baquka amazwe awayesakuba ngamakholoniyali, afana neFransi ne-United Kingdom, kunye ne-United States kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana neBhanki yehlabathi kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo.
b. Ixesha loLungiso lweZakhiwo (1980-1990s)
Ukusabela kwiingxaki zoqoqosho kunye namatyala akhulayo kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika, amaziko emali kumazwe ngamazwe aqalise iinkqubo zohlengahlengiso. Ezi nkqubo bezisoloko zifuna ukuba amazwe aphumeze imilinganiselo yobungqongqo kunye nohlaziyo olujolise kwimarike ukuze afumane uncedo lwemali. Abagxeki bathi le migaqo-nkqubo ikhokelele ekwandeni kobuhlwempu nokungalingani kwezinye iimeko.
c. IMillennium eNtsha (2000s-ngoku)
Uncedo oluya eAfrika lwavela kwinkulungwane yama-21 ukujongana noluhlu olubanzi lwemingeni yophuhliso, kubandakanywa nokhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo kunye nolawulo. Amalinge afana neeNjongo zoPhuhliso lweMillennium yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (MDGs) kwaye kamva iiNjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo (Sustainable Development Goals) (SDGs) amisela iinjongo ezinqwenelekayo zokuphucula umgangatho wokuphila e-Afrika nakweminye imimandla.
Iintlobo zoncedo lwangaphandle
Uncedo lwangaphandle e-Afrika lunokwahlulwa lube ziindidi ezininzi.
1. Uncedo lwamazwe amabini
Amazwe abonelela ngoncedo ngokuthe ngqo kumazwe aseAfrika. Umzekelo, iUnited States ibonelela ngoncedo lwamazwe amabini kumazwe afana neKenya kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso, kubandakanya ukhathalelo lwezempilo kunye nemfundo.
2. Uncedo lwamazwe amaninzi
Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, efana neZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi, idibanisa izixhobo ezivela kumazwe amaninzi kwaye idlulisele kumazwe aseAfrika. Le mibutho ihlala ine-ajenda ebanzi yophuhliso. IBhanki yeHlabathi, umzekelo, ixhasa iiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo kwi-Afrika iphela.
3. Uncedo loluntu
Olu hlobo loncedo lubalulekile ngexesha leentlekele, njengeentlekele zemvelo, ungquzulwano, okanye oobhubhani. Imibutho efana ne-Médecins Sans Frontières (OoGqirha abangenayo imida) babonelela ngoncedo lwezonyango ngexesha likaxakeka zempilo kumazwe aseAfrika.
4. Uncedo lophuhliso
Uncedo lwexesha elide lujolise kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo, kubandakanywa nokupheliswa kwentlupheko, uphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo, kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Iinkqubo ezifana namanyathelo eBhanki yoPhuhliso yase-Afrika zikhuthaza iiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo ezifana neendlela kunye nezibonelelo zombane.
5. Uncedo lobugcisa
Olu hlobo loncedo lubandakanya iingcali kunye nokudluliselwa kolwazi ukwakha umthamo wendawo. Umzekelo, i-USAID inokubonelela ngoncedo lobugcisa ukomeleza inkqubo yezempilo yelizwe.
Abadlali abaphambili
Uncedo lwangaphandle e-Afrika lubandakanya uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwabachaphazelekayo.
1. Uncedo lwamazwe amabini
Amazwe anikelayo aphambili, aquka i-United States, i-China, iFransi, ne-United Kingdom, abandakanyeka kwizivumelwano zamazwe amabini namazwe ase-Afrika. Ezi zivumelwano zihlala zibonisa izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kunye nezinto anomdla kuzo. Umzekelo, isicwangciso soncedo saseTshayina sihlala sijolise kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo, ngelixa amazwe aseNtshona angagxininisa idemokhrasi, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo.
2. Uncedo lwamazwe amaninzi
Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, efana neZizwe eziManyeneyo, iBhanki yeHlabathi, iNgxowa-mali yeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IMF), kunye neBhanki yoPhuhliso lwase-Afrika (i-AfDB), idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunxibelelaneni nasekukhupheni uncedo. Banikezela ngobuchule, babeke iinjongo zophuhliso, kwaye baqinisekise ukuphendula, ukukhuthaza indlela ehambelanayo kunye nenkqubo yokuhanjiswa koncedo.
3. Imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente (NGOs)
Iqela leeNGO, njengeMédecins Sans Frontières (Oogqirha AbangenaMida), iOxfam, kunye neSave the Children, zisebenza phantsi eAfrika. Le mibutho igxile ekunikezeleni ngononophelo lwezempilo, imfundo, uncedo loluntu, kunye namanye amalinge ophuhliso ohlukeneyo.
Iimpembelelo zokubonelela ngoncedo
Uncedo lwangaphandle oluya e-Afrika luqhutywa kukudityaniswa okuntsonkothileyo kweenkuthazo.
1. Izizathu zobuntu
Abaxhasi bahlala bebonelela ngoncedo lokujongana neemeko ezicinezelayo zobuntu, kubandakanya intlupheko, indlala, kunye nezifo, ngeyona njongo yokuphucula umgangatho wobomi kubemi baseAfrika.
2. Imidla yeGeopolitical
Amagunya amakhulu ajonga iAfrika njengebala elibalulekileyo lokukhusela impembelelo yezelizwe kunye nokufikelela kwimithombo exabisekileyo, njenge-oyile, izimbiwa kunye neemveliso zolimo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiiphakheji zoncedo ezisebenza ngeenjongo ezimbini - ukukhuthaza uphuhliso ngelixa uqhubela phambili imidla yobuchule.
3. Imidla yezoqoqosho
Amazwe anikelayo ayibona iAfrika njengemarike esakhulayo yempahla kunye neenkonzo zabo. Ngokutyala imali kuqoqosho lwaseAfrika, bajonge ekudaleni amaqabane amatsha okurhweba kunye nabathengi beemveliso zabo, okunokuthi bakhulise uqoqosho lwabo kwinkqubo.
4. Iinkxalabo zokhuseleko
Uzinzo lwamazwe aseAfrika lubonwa njengento ebalulekileyo kukhuseleko lwehlabathi. Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle ngamanye amaxesha lunikezelwa ukujongana neengxabano, iimbono ezibaxiweyo, kunye neminye imingeni yokhuseleko enokuthi ibe neziphumo ezikude ngaphaya kwemida yaseAfrika.
Impumelelo yoncedo lwangaphandle
Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle e-Afrika luvelise impumelelo eninzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
1. Ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nolawulo lwezifo
Uncedo lwangaphandle, ngakumbi oluvela kwimibutho efana neNgxowa-mali yeHlabathi yokuLwa uGawulayo, iSifo sePhepha, kunye neMalariya, idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekulweni ubhubhani we-HIV/AIDS e-Afrika. Olu ncedo luxhase ngemali iinkqubo zonyango lwe-antiretroviral, iinzame zokuthintela, kunye namaphulo okufundisa, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni okubonakalayo kumazinga osulelo kunye nokufikelela kunyango oluphuculweyo. Uncedo luxhase ukusasazwa kweinethi ezityatyiswe ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane, ukwenziwa konyango olutsha, kunye neenkqubo zokutshiza ezishiyekileyo zangaphakathi, okubangele ukwehla kokusweleka okunxulumene nemalariya kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika.
2. Education
Uncedo lwangaphandle lube negalelo ekwandiseni ukufikelela kwimfundo e-Afrika. Inkxaso-mali evela kubaxhasi ixhase ulwakhiwo lwezikolo, ukubonelelwa ngeencwadi zezifundo, noqeqesho lootitshala, nto leyo ekhokelele ekwandeni kwamazinga obhaliso, ngokukodwa amantombazana. Uncedo lukwabonelele ngenkxaso-mali yokufunda kunye namathuba oqeqesho lomsebenzi, okwenza abantu abatsha baseAfrika bafumane izakhono kwaye balandele imfundo ephakamileyo.
3. Izibonelelo
Utyalo-mali lukhokelele ekwakhiweni kweziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neendlela, amazibuko, amaziko ombane, nothungelwano lonxibelelwano, ukuququzelela ukukhula koqoqosho noqhagamshelo. Iiprojekthi zeziseko eziluncedo ezixhaswa ngemali, ezifana nokwakhiwa nokugcinwa kweendlela, ziphucule uthungelwano lwezothutho e-Afrika, ziququzelela urhwebo, ukukhula koqoqosho, nokufikelela kwiindawo ezikude. Uncedo luxhase amanyathelo okubonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo kunye nezixhobo zogutyulo, ukunciphisa izifo ezibangelwa ngamanzi kunye nokuphucula impilo yonke.
4. Ezolimo kunye nokhuseleko lokutya
Uncedo oluvela kumazwe angaphandle luye lwakhuthaza ulimo oluzinzileyo ngokunika amafama uqeqesho, imbewu nezixhobo. La manyathelo aye andisa izivuno zezityalo, aphucula ukhuseleko lokutya, kwaye anciphisa indlala kwimimandla emininzi yaseAfrika. Uncedo luququzelele uphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo ezifana neendlela kunye neendawo zokugcina, okwenza kube lula kumafama ukufikelela kwiimarike kunye nokuthengisa imveliso yabo.
5. Ukuphelisa amatyala
Amanyathelo afana nephulo laMazwe aHlubi kakhulu (i-HIPC) kunye ne-Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) abonelele ngokunciphisa amatyala abalulekileyo kumazwe ase-Afrika, ekhulula izibonelelo zokunciphisa intlupheko kunye nophuhliso.
6. Uncedo loluntu
Uncedo lwangaphandle luye lwaba luncedo ekuboneleleni uncedo olungxamisekileyo ngexesha leentlekele zendalo, iingxabano, kunye neengxaki zempilo. Imibutho enikela uncedo iye yasa ukutya, izinto zonyango, nekhusi kwabo basweleyo.
7. Ukusombulula impixano kunye nokugcinwa koxolo
Uncedo luxhase imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo kunye neenzame zokusombulula ungquzulwano e-Afrika, inceda ukuzinzisa imimandla echatshazelwa bubundlobongela kunye nemilo yoluntu.
8. Ukuxhotyiswa ngezakhono
Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle lube negalelo ekwakheni amandla oorhulumente, imibutho yoluntu kunye namaziko eAfrika. Oku kuye kwanceda ukuphucula ulawulo, ukomeleza ulawulo lukarhulumente, nokukhuthaza iinkqubo zedemokhrasi.
9. Ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini kunye nokulingana ngokwesini
Iinkqubo zoncedo zijolise ekulinganeni ngokwesini ngokuxhasa ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini kwezoqoqosho, ukufikelela kwimfundo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo.
Imingeni kunye nezigxeko
Nangona iphumelele, uncedo lwangaphandle e-Afrika lujongene nemingeni eqhubekayo kunye nokugxekwa.
1. Urhwaphilizo
Urhwaphilizo kumazwe afumana uncedo lunokukhokelela ekwabiweni ngendlela engeyiyo kweemali zoncedo. I-Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index iqaqambisa ukuxhaphaka korhwaphilizo kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika, olunokuthi lujongele phantsi ifuthe loncedo.
2. Ukunqongophala kolungelelwaniso
Ubuninzi babaxhasi buhlala bukhokelela kwiinzame zoncedo eziqhekekayo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima koorhulumente baseAfrika ukulawula nokubeka phambili iiprojekthi ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Umthwalo wetyala
Amanye amazwe ase-Afrika aqokelele amatyala amaninzi kwimali-mboleko yangaphandle, enokuthi ibe ngumthwalo obalulekileyo, ebeka emngciphekweni uzinzo lwezoqoqosho kunye nethemba lophuhliso lwexesha elizayo.
4. Ukuxhomekeka kuncedo
Ingcamango yokuxhomekeka kuncedo ngumba ophikisanayo. Abanye bathi ukuthembela kwe-Afrika kuncedo oluvela kumazwe angaphandle kuphazamisa uphuhliso lwayo, ngelixa abanye bemi ngelithi uncedo luyimfuneko kumazwe ajongene nemingeni enzima yezoqoqosho nobuntu. Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi koncedo kunye nokuzimela yingxaki eqhubekayo.
5. Ubunini kunye nemeko
Uncedo lwangaphandle luhlala luza neemeko ezincanyathiselweyo, ezifana nohlengahlengiso lomgaqo-nkqubo okanye ukuphunyezwa kweprojekthi ethile. Nangona le miqathango ijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni ukuphendula kunye nokulungelelaniswa neenjongo zabaxhasi, ngamanye amaxesha banokungqubana nezinto eziphambili zelizwe elifumanayo, bephakamisa imibuzo malunga nolongamo.
Iinguqu kwiindlela zokunceda
Iminyaka yakutshanje iye yabona utshintsho kwindlela ancedwa ngayo eAfrika.
- Iindlela ezisekelwe kwiziphumo: Abaxhasi baya begxininisa ngakumbi kwiziphumo kunye nokuphendula, ukudibanisa uncedo kwiziphumo ezinokulinganiswa ezifana nokuncitshiswa kwentlupheko kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.
- Uphuhliso lwecandelo labucala: Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwecandelo labucala ekuqhubeni ukukhula koqoqosho, iinzame zoncedo ngoku zihlala zibandakanya ukukhuthaza ushishino nokuxhasa amashishini amancinci naphakathi.
- Ulawulo olululo: Iinzame zokulwa urhwaphilizo kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo olululo zibalulekile kwiinkqubo ezininzi zoncedo. INkqubo yeManyano ye-Afrika yokuHlola koNtanga ngomnye umzekelo.
Izikhokelo zekamva
Ikamva loncedo lwamazwe angaphandle e-Afrika liya kubandakanya ukujongana nale mingeni kunye nokuziqhelanisa neemeko eziguqukayo.
1. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo
Ugxininiso kwimisebenzi yophuhliso oluzinzileyo lubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kuncedo kunye nokukhuthaza ukuzimela kwezoqoqosho. Oku kubandakanya utyalo-mali kumandla ahlaziyekayo, ezolimo ezinobungani nokusingqongileyo, kunye nolawulo olunenkathalo lwezibonelelo.
2. Ukwenza izinto elubala kunye nokuphendula
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimali zoncedo zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokungafihlisiyo kubalulekile. Iindlela eziqinileyo zokubeka iliso, amanyathelo okulwa urhwaphilizo, kunye nemibutho yokuphendula kufuneka ibekho ukugcina ukuthembana phakathi kwabaxhasi kunye nabamkeli.
3. Izisombululo ezikhokelwa ngamaAfrika
Ukukhuthaza amazwe aseAfrika ukuba akhokele kwii-ajenda zawo zophuhliso kubalulekile. Oku kubandakanya ukuxhobisa oorhulumente basekhaya kunye namaziko ukuba achonge ezawo iiprayorithi kunye nokuphumeza iiprojekthi ezihambelana neenjongo zabo zexesha elide.
4. Uthethathethwano lwecandelo labucala
Ukukhuthaza ubambiswano kunye necandelo labucala kunokuvuselela ukukhula koqoqosho, ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi, kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha. Ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwangaphandle (i-FDI) kunye nokuxhasa amashishini amancinci naphakathi (ii-SMEs) kunokuba zizinto eziphambili zophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
isiphelo
Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle e-Afrika ngumzamo onezinto ezininzi kwaye oguqukayo, oqulunqwe ngamafa embali, umdla we-geopolitical, kunye neentshukumisa ezinzima. Ukwandisa impembelelo yayo, kubalulekile ukuba abaxhasi, izizwe ezifumana uncedo, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ukusebenzisana ngendlela ehambelanayo nezinzileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uncedo lunegalelo kuphuhliso lwexesha elide kunye nempilo yelizwekazi laseAfrika ngelixa lijongene nemiba yolawulo, urhwaphilizo, kunye nokuxhomekeka. Indlela engaphambili iya kufuna ukuguquguquka, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kunye nokuzinikela kuphuhliso olubandakanyayo noluzinzileyo e-Afrika.