Inkqubo yothutho yenye yezona ndawo zisisiseko kwaye zibalulekileyo zesithuthi. Ungayichaza ngolu hlobo, idlulisela amandla ukusuka enjini ukuya kumavili. Ukuhanjiswa kubhekiselele kwibhokisi yegiya, esebenzisa iigiya kunye noololiwe begiya ukunika isantya kunye netorque. Lelinye lawona malungu antsokothileyo esithuthi sakho abandakanya uthotho lweegiya (ibhokisi yegiya).
Luxanduva oluphambili lokuqinisekisa ukuba amavili afumana amandla afanelekileyo ukuze akwazi ukusebenza ngesantya esithile. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zokuhanjiswa kweemoto. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zizenzekelayo, ngelixa ukuhanjiswa ngesandla kwiimoto ze-stick-shift kufuna ukuba umqhubi agqibezele amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ukuze aqhube kakuhle isithuthi.
Isebenza njani inkqubo yothumelo?
Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yothumelo kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo losasazo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo yokuhambisa ivumela umlinganiselo wegiya phakathi kwamavili okuqhuba kunye ne-injini. Inokulungiswa njengoko imoto icotha kwaye inyusa isantya. Nje ukuba uqalise imoto yakho kwaye ufikelele kwindawo oya kuyo, ngoku kufuneka ume, kule meko, uthumelo lukhupha i-injini kumavili okuqhuba ukuze injini ihlale ingasebenzi xa amavili engashukumi. Uthumelo lunokubonelela ngesantya esiphendulayo ngakumbi ukusuka kwindawo yokumisa kwaye yenza ukuba injini ibaleke kancinci ngelixa isithuthi sibaleka ngesantya esiqhelekileyo.
Iindidi zeenkqubo zothumelo lwezithuthi
Oku kulandelayo luhlobo lothumelo olusetyenziswa kwiimoto zemoto:
- Ukuhanjiswa ngesandla (MT)
- Ugqithiso lweManuwali olukrelekrele (IMT)
- Ugqithiso lweManuwali oluzenzekelayo (AMT)
- Usasazo oluzenzekelayo (AT)
- Ugqithiso oluguquguqukayo oluqhubekayo (CVT)
- Ukuhanjiswa kweSemi-automatic (SAT)
- Usasazo lwe-Dual-clutch (DCT)
- Ugqithiso olulandelelanayo (ST)
- Ugqithiso lweTorque Converter (TCT)
- Usasazo lweTiptronic (TT)
1. Ukuhanjiswa ngesandla (MT)
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-manual yinkqubo efuna umqhubi azikhethele ngokwakhe igiya ngokusebenzisa intonga yegiya kunye ne-clutch yokutshintsha iigiya. Le nkqubo yothutho iqulathe iseti yeegiya (ubukhulu obahlukeneyo) kunye nepere yeeshafti. I-shaft yokufaka idityaniswe kwi-injini kwaye i-shaft ephumayo idityaniswa ngokuqhubekayo kwi-shaft yokufaka kwaye iqulethe iigiya ezininzi. Kule nto, umqhubi kufuneka akhethe izixhobo ngesandla kwaye adibanise okanye akhuphe i-clutch pedal.
Olu gqithiso lusebenzisa i-flywheel, ipleyiti yoxinzelelo, kunye ne-clutch ukubandakanya kunye nokukhupha injini kuthumelo. I-flywheel kunye ne-pressure plate ifakwe kwi-injini kwaye i-clutch ifakwe phakathi kwabo. Igama elithi push in clutch lithetha ukukhulula ipleyiti yoxinzelelo ebamba i-clutch kwi-injini ngalo lonke ixesha usenza utshintsho, kufuneka utyhale iclutshi kuqala.
Izinto ezilungileyo zeMT
- Ugqithiso lwezandla lubonwa lungcono ngeenjongo ezingekho endleleni.
- Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yokuhambisa inika umthwalo ophezulu we-torque.
- Ezi zithembeke kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuzisebenzisa kunezinye iindidi.
Ukungalungi kweMT
- Asinguye wonke umntu okwaziyo ukuqhuba.
- Inqanaba lemfundo ephezulu.
- Bafuna umsebenzi omninzi ngexesha lokuqhuba.
2. Intelligent Manual Transmission (IMT)
Ngokulula nangokuchanekileyo ukubeka i-IMT lugqithiso lwe-clutchless manual. Iyafana ne-manual gearbox, ineegiya kunye ne-gear lever. Umqhubi uphantse waziva ngathi yimoto ezenzekelayo njengoko i-IMT ingenayo i-clutch pedal, kodwa i-brake kunye ne-pedal ye-accelerator. Kwiimeko ezinje ngokuhla okanye ukogqitha, unolawulo olupheleleyo kwibhokisi yegiya kwaye oko ngokuqinisekileyo ngaphandle kwentloko ebuhlungu yokusebenzisa i-clutch pedal.
Kolu didi lwenkqubo yothumelo, akukho mfuneko yokuba uphakamise i-accelerator ngelixa uhambisa iigiya, ukuba uyayenza, kuya kunceda ukuba izinto zihambe kakuhle. Inkqubo yothumelo ye-IMT ayinako ukuzitshintsha iigiya. Kwelinye icala kunye nemoto ye-IMT xa kuthelekiswa nemoto yokuhambisa ngesandla, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kunye neekhilomitha zixhomekeke kwaye zixhomekeke kwisimbo sokuqhuba somqhubi.
Izinto ezilungileyo ze-IMT
- Ngokusebenzisa i-IMT Car, unokuba nolawulo olupheleleyo malunga nokuba yeyiphi igiya imoto yakho ekuyo kwaye akuyi kufuneka uxhomekeke kwisoftware.
- Iindleko ze-IMT nazo zisondele kuleyo yothumelo lwezandla rhoqo.
- Nge-IMT, umqhubi ufumana isiqabu kwi-clutch operation, ingakumbi kwi-traffic stop-go yesixeko.
Izinto ezingeloncedo kwi-IMT
- Kwi-IMT, utshintsho lwegiya alugudi njengoko inkqubo ixhomekeke kwi-clutch ekufuneka imodareyithwe yi-actuator.
3. Ugqithiso oluzenzekelayo lweManuwali (AMT)
Usasazo oluzenzekelayo lwemanuwali luguqulelo oluphuculweyo okanye olulungisiweyo losasazo lwezandla oluthe lwaphelisa imfuneko yokubandakanya i-clutch pedal xa utshintsha iigiya. Iphantse yafana nokuhanjiswa kwencwadana kodwa kule nkqubo, abenzi boluvo kunye ne-actuators basebenza njenge-clutch kunye ne-shift gears. Imoto ene-AMT ayinayo i-clutch pedal, endaweni yoko, kuphela i-accelerator kunye ne-brake pedal.
Olu gqithiso lukwavumela utshintsho lwegiya ngesandla xa lufuneka. Ukuhanjiswa kwe-AMT kusebenzisa ii-hydraulics kunye nekhompyuter eqhagamshelwe kwiCandelo loLawulo loMbane wemoto (ECU). Iipateni zokutshintsha izixhobo zicwangciswe kwangaphambili kule yunithi kwaye zisebenza ikakhulu kuluhlu lweRPM olusetwe ngaphambili. Nje ukuba isixokelelwano sibale ezona RPMs zininzi, i-ECU idibanisa ii-activators ezisebenzisa i-clutch kunye ne-gearbox.
Izinto ezilungileyo ze-AMT
- Inzuzo ebalulekileyo ye-AMT phezu kokuhanjiswa kwe-manual kukulungeleka kwayo kuba ukusebenzisa i-clutch akuyona inxalenye yomsebenzi we-diver, ngoko kunciphisa ukukhathala.
- I-AMT iyonga kakhulu amafutha, ngaloo ndlela ivumela amandla amaninzi ukuba ahambe ukuya kumavili kunokuhambisa okuzenzekelayo.
- Ungayiqhuba nokuba ufuna kangakanani, okuthetha ukuba uninzi lweemoto ezixhotyiswe nge-AMT ziza nemowudi yencwadi.
Ukungalungi kwe-AMT
- Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni ii-AMTs zixhomekeke kumanqanaba e-RPM amiselweyo, anokubangela utshintsho olungacwangciswanga ngexesha lokugqithisa elinokuba yinkathazo.
- Imfuno yendawo ephezulu kunye nobunzima obuninzi kunokuhanjiswa ngesandla.
4. Usasazo oluzenzekelayo (AT)
Lugqithiso olunesantya esiphezulu olusetyenziswa kwizithuthi ezingadingi nawuphi na umqhubi ukuba atshintshe iigiya eziya phambili phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokuqhuba. Ibandakanya i-gearset yeplanethi, ulawulo lwe-hydraulic, kunye ne-torque converter. I-injini iqhagamshelwe kwisiguquli setorque edityaniswe ke kwinkqubo yegiya kwaye emva koko idluliselwe. Ngaphakathi kwesiguquli setorque, ezinye iindawo zisebenza ngokuhambelanayo.
Indawo engaphandle igcina i-flywheel ejikeleza isakhiwo sonke. Ujikelezo lutyhala ulwelo ngaphandle kwempompo ngesantya esiphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iturbine ijikeleze. I-fluid iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza kumacandelo amabini ngokwahlukileyo kunye ne-stator. I-injini yomoya iqhagamshelwe kwishafti eqhagamshela kuyo yonke inkqubo ze emva koko amandla akhutshelwe kwisixokelelwano segiya.
Izinto ezilungileyo ze-AT
- Inzuzo ephambili yosasazo oluzenzekelayo kukuba kulula kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
- Banikezela ngokuqhuba kakuhle kumqhubi nabakhweli.
- Ii-AT ngokwendalo zinamandla amakhulu kunalo naluphi na ugqithiso olulinganayo lwezandla.
Ukungalungi kwe-AT
- Yinkqubo entsonkothileyo apho izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zinokusilela.
- Ibiza kakhulu kwi-main kunye nokulungiswa xa kuthelekiswa nokuhanjiswa ngesandla.
5. Ugqithiso oluqhubekayo oluguquguqukayo (CVT)
Olu lusasazo olusekwe kwi-pulley olusetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizithuthi ezincinci ezineenjini ezincinci kwaye zinokutshintsha iigiya ngokungenamthungo ngomlinganiselo wegiya rhoqo. Oku kuchasene nezinye ii-transmissions ezinikezela ngenani eliqingqiweyo lemilinganiselo yegiya kwizigaba ezimiselweyo. I-CVT isebenzisa iipuli ezimbini apho ibhanti lentsimbi libaleka khona.
Ukutshintsha ngokuqhubekayo umlinganiselo wayo wegiya, i-CVT ngaxeshanye ilungelelanisa i-diameter ye-"drive pulley" ehambisa i-torque esuka kwi-injini, kunye ne-"drive pulley" ehambisa i-torque kumavili. Ububanzi bezi pulleys buyatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kumandla afunekayo njengoko enye iya isiba nkulu kwaye enye isiba ncinci. Ke oku kuvumela ukuhambisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhawuleza okugudileyo.
Izinto ezilungileyo zeCVT
- Banokukunika uhambo olugudileyo kuba luphelisa imvakalelo yokutshintsha.
- Inokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha ngenxa yokuba injini isoloko isebenza ngokufanelekileyo.
- Inokukunika impendulo ekhawulezayo ekutshintsheni iimeko zokuqhuba.
Izinto ezingeloncedo kwi-CVT
- Zibhekwa njengezingasebenzisekiyo kwiimeko ezingekho endleleni.
- Akukho buchule bokuqhankqalaza kwe-injini njengoko kubonwa kwi-transmission manual.
6. Ukuhanjiswa kweSemi-automatic (SAT)
I-semi-automatic transmission yi-multi-speed transmission, apho inxalenye yokusebenza kwayo izenzekelayo, kodwa idinga igalelo lomqhubi ukuqhuba isithuthi ukusuka ekumiseni kwaye utshintshe iigiya ngesandla. Yindibaniselwano yothumelo lwencwadana kunye nezenzekelayo. Inokukunika nendlela yokulawula iigiya njengoko kukho ukhetho lwezandla kunye nokhetho oluzenzekelayo.
Amandla ekinetic aveliswa yi-injini anceda amavili ukuba ajikeleze, ngelixa umlinganiselo wegiya ulawula ukukhawuleza okanye ukucotha amavili akho. Okubalulekileyo, isemi-automatics ayinayo i-clutch pedal. Endaweni yoko, i-CPU yemoto kunye nezinzwa zisebenza kwi-clutch xa umqhubi etshintsha iigiya, ngenxa yoko, ii-semi-autos zilula kakhulu ukuqhuba.
Izinto ezilungileyo zeSAT
- Banokukunika uguquko olugudileyo xa kuthelekiswa nokudluliselwa kwesandla.
- Ukuhanjiswa kweSemi-automatic kunokungasebenzi kakuhle okumbalwa ekutshintsheni kuthetha ukuba akukho xesha lagxwaba okanye ukutyibilika.
- Unokwenza ukutshintshwa kweegiya ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kobunzima.
Ukungalungi kwe-SAT
- Ezi ziinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezithetha ukuba izinto zinokusilela.
- Ezi ntlobo zenkqubo yothumelo zibiza imali eninzi ukuyigcina xa kuthelekiswa nosasazo lwezandla.
- Kubiza kakhulu ukulungisa kaninzi kubiza imali eninzi ukuyibuyisela.
7. Usasazo lwe-Dual-clutch (DCT)
Olu dluliselo lusebenzisa ii-clutch ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zomnqakathi kunye neeseti zegiya ezivumela utshintsho olukhawulezayo. Uyilo luhlala lufana nokuhanjiswa kwezandla ezibini ezahlukeneyo, kuba ii-clutch zabo ezihlukeneyo zingaphakathi kwendlu, kwaye zisebenza njengeyunithi enye. I-DCT isebenza njengothumelo oluzenzekelayo, olufuna ukuba akukho galelo lomqhubi ukutshintsha iigiya. Olu hlobo losasazo lunokusebenza ngokubanzi kwimowudi ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo okanye inokushukunyiswa ngesandla ngeepedali kwivili lokuqhuba. Ezi gearbox zifumaneka ikakhulu kwiimoto zomdyarho kunye neemoto zemidlalo yodidi oluphezulu kwaye zibiza kakhulu.
Izinto ezilungileyo zeDCT
- DCTs zinika uqoqosho amafutha ngcono kunye nokusebenza ngcono kunosulelo oluzenzekelayo.
- Ekubeni zitshintsha ngokucokisekileyo kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokuchaneka, zihlala zikhethwa kwindawo yokuqhuba ukuqhuba.
Izinto ezingeloncedo kwiDCT
- Ziyabiza, oku kusilela kongezwa kubunzima bazo obukhokelela kulungiso oluthe gqolo noluxabisa kakhulu.
- Xa uqhuba ngesantya esiphantsi, njengakwindawo yokumisa iimoto okanye kwelinye icala lemoto, idla ngokutsala nokutshixa.
8. Ukuhanjiswa okulandelelanayo (ST)
Ugqithiso olulandelelanayo lwemanuwali lukuvumela ukuba ukhethe igiya elandelayo (umzekelo, ukusuka kwigiya yokuqala ukuya kweyesibini) okanye eyeyangaphambili (umzekelo, ukusuka kwigiya yesithathu ukuya kweyesibini), eqhutywa ngeepedali zombane ezixhonywe ngasemva kwisixhobo sokuqhuba. ivili. Kwisithuthi esinebhokisi yegiya elandelelanayo, uvele ubethe i-lever okanye i-pedal ukuze ucofe kwigiya nganye, nokuba usuka phezulu okanye uhlehla.
Kwezinye izithuthi, kukho i-lever yokwenyani athi umqhubi ayityhale phambili okanye ayitsale ngasemva ukuze atshintshe okanye ehle. Ngokubanzi, luhlobo lwe-non-synchronous manual transmission esetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizithuthuthu kunye neemoto zomdyarho. Zikwabizwa ngokuba ziibhokisi zegiya ezilandelelanayo okanye uthumelo olulandelelanayo.
Izinto eziluncedo ze-ST
- Ukutshintsha iigiya kuthungelwano olulandelelanayo kulula.
- Ungasonyusa okanye unciphise isantya sakho ngaphandle kokuma okanye ukufumana ukwehla kwesantya.
- Lo matshini ubizwa ngokuba unokutshintsha kuphela iigiya ngokulandelelana.
Ukungalungi kwe-ST
- Enye into engalunganga yebhokisi yegiya elandelelanayo kukuba awukwazi "ukutsiba ishifti" - oko kukuthi, ukutshintsha iigiya ngokungalandelelanisiyo.
- Ukuhamba kwakhona emva kokuma kwe-panic kunokuba nzima njengoko bengathandi ukushukuma ngokulula ngelixa beyeka.
9. Ukuhanjiswa kweTorque Converter (TCT)
Torque converter transmission yenye yezona ntlobo zakudala zosulelo oluzenzekelayo. Iziguquli zetorque zokuqala azizange ziyilelwe naluphi na uhlobo lomsebenzi okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha. Kodwa abaguquli be-torque banamhlanje bayasabela kwaye bafanele ukuqhuba isixeko okanye uhola wendlela. Isingxobo sincamathela kwi-flywheel, sijikeleza ngesantya esifana neso crankshaft ngaphakathi kwendlu yeinjini yomoya. Okokugqibela, i-impeller okanye impompo ye-centrifugal iqhubela ulwelo lokuhanjiswa kwi-injini ye-injini ethi yona ijikelezise okanye ithumele i-torque kuthumelo. I-torque converter isetyenziswe kwisithuthi esibonelelwa ngokugqithiswa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Izinto ezilungileyo zeTCT
- Ivelisa i-torque ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa nesithuthi esixhotyiswe nge-clutch.
- Inokubonelela ngenduduzo yokuqhuba kubaqhubi ngokuphepha ukutshintsha iigiya ngesandla.
- Basusa i-clutch pedal kwaye benze ukuqhuba lula.
Ukungalungi kwe-TCT
- I-torque converter transmission ayisebenzisi kakuhle amafutha xa ithelekiswa ne-manual transmission okanye i-CVT.
- Ezi ntlobo zenkqubo yothumelo zifuna iindleko eziphezulu ukufakela.
10. Usasazo lweTiptronic (TT)
Inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwe-tiptronic ifana nokuhanjiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kuba umqhubi unokuphuma "imodi ezenzekelayo" kwaye asebenzise i-paddles ukutshintsha phezulu okanye phantsi njengokuhanjiswa kwencwadana. Usasazo lwe-tiptronic lukwabizwa ngokuba yi-sportmatic okanye i-steptronic transmission. Yigearbox eyazitshintshayo ekwaziyo ukutshintsha igiya ngesandla.
I-tiptronic transmission isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-gearbox ye-manual, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-clutch. Oku kukuvumela iigiya zokulawula ngakumbi, ezilungele ukuya kwiinduli eziphakamileyo okanye kulawulo olungcono xa ugqitha kuhola wendlela. Kukho imilinganiselo yokhuseleko eyakhelwe kwi-Tiptronic transmission eya kutshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo xa umqhubi uyalibala.
Izinto ezilungileyo zeTT
- Ukuqhuba imoto nge-tiptronic transmission kukuvumela ukuba ulawule ngakumbi xa utshintsha iigiya.
- Xa uqhuba unyuka okanye usihla induli engumnqantsa, ungatshintsha ngesandla iigiya ukuze uvumele uhambo olugudileyo nolukhuselekileyo.
- Ukutshintsha okuzenzekelayo kwimo yesandla kwakhona kunceda umqhubi ngokulibazisa i-injini kwimeko yokusilela kwe-down-shift.
Ukungalungi kwe-TT
- Inkqubo ye-tiptronic isebenzisa i-torque converter endaweni ye-clutch mechanism eqhelekileyo, oku kunokubangela iqondo elithile lokulahlekelwa kwamandla.
- Ekubeni kwimodi ye-manual, i-ECU iguqula iigiya, kukho ukulibaziseka okuncinci ngexesha lokutshintsha, okubonakalayo ekuqhubeni ngokugqithiseleyo.
Ukuvala
Umsebenzi walo naluphi na usasazo kukudlulisa amandla e-injini kwi-driveshaft kunye nokwahlula ukujika amavili. Xa uthenga isithuthi, ukwazi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zothumelo kunokukunceda ukuba ukhethe njengentuthuzelo yakho ekuqhubeni.