Abapostile babengeloqela usenokuba wawulindele ukuba uYesu alithumele kuthumo lwakhe lokufikelela ehlabathini. Kwakungekho nto ikhethekileyo okanye inomtsalane kubo. Abapostile abalishumi elinababini babengabasebenzi nje abaqhelekileyo. Kodwa uYesu wababumba baba ngumqolo webandla wabanika owona msebenzi ungaqhelekanga unokuthelekelela: ukubizela lonke ihlabathi, kuquka nobona bukhosi bunamandla obakha baziwa, ukuba baguquke nokholo kuKristu ovusiweyo.
Unokuqiniseka ukuba nawuphi na ummi waseRoma ofundileyo wenkulungwane yokuqala wayenokuhlekisa ngako nakuphi na uqikelelo lokuba kwiinkulungwane ezintathu ukholo lobuKristu lwaluya kuba lukholo olusemthethweni lobo bukhosi. Abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba bafa njani na abapostile abali-12, kodwa iTestamente Entsha isixelela ngesiphelo sabapostile ababini kuphela: uYudas, owangcatsha uYesu waza waphuma waza wazixhoma, noYakobi unyana kaZebhedi, owabulawa nguHerode malunga nama-44 eminyaka ubudala. AD (IZenzo 12:2).
Nantsi indlela awafa ngayo abapostile abalishumi elinababini.
1. UPetros
Okwabizwa ngokuba nguSimon, uSimon Petros, okanye uKephus. UPetros wayeyinkokeli yabafundi abalishumi elinesibini, wayevela kwidolophana yakudala yokuloba yaseBhetesayida ngakunxweme olusemantla olwandle lwaseGalili. IBhayibhile isoloko ithetha ngoPetros njengolulamileyo kodwa ongqongqo nonyanisekileyo kuYesu, kodwa wayengafezekanga. Xa uYesu wabanjwayo, uPetros wayesoyikela ubomi bakhe, ngoko wamkhanyela ukuze aphephe intshutshiso.
Njengendoda engafundanga uPetros wayengawuqeqeshelwanga umthetho kaMoses yaye engumfundi kade ezenza iimpazamo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kodwa xa wanikwa ithuba lokuzingqina, wazingqina enobuchule. Xa uYesu wayehamba phezu kwamanzi uPetros wamlandela. UPetros wabona imimangaliso emininzi kuquka nexesha uYesu awayevusa ngalo intombazana eyayifile. Kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba nguMlilo Omkhulu waseRoma, isibini kwisithathu saseRoma satsha ngo-64 AD, uMlawuli uNero wagxeka amaKristu waza wabethelela uPetros. Wabethelelwa ejonge phantsi ngenxa yokuba wayeziva engakufanelekeli ukufa ngendlela efanayo noYesu.
2 uYakobi, unyana kaZebhedi
Kwaziwa ngokuba nguYakobi Omkhulu. UYakobi, unyana kaZebhedi wayengomnye wabafundi bakaYesu abaziintloko yaye engomnye wabapostile ababini ekuthiwa nguYakobi. IBhayibhile isixelela ngendlela yena nomntakwabo nomfundi onguYohane awambuza ngayo uYesu enoba bafanele bawuhlise kusini na umlilo ezulwini kwidolophu engazange ivume ukubabonisa ububele. Kwincwadi kaMarko, uYakobi wabuza uYesu ukuba yena noYohane banokuhlala na kumacala omabini etrone yakhe baze bathembise ukumlandela ekufeni. Njengokuphela komfundi ekubhalwe ngaye eBhayibhileni ukufel’ ukholo kwakhe, uYakobi wabulawa ngekrele nguKumkani uHerode ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wamnqumla intloko.
Ugqalwa njengomntu wokuqala ukufela uYesu. Ngokwesithethe, uYakobi wayengumthunywa wevangeli eSpeyin waza wangcwatyelwa khona kodwa wafela eYerusalem ngeentsuku zokuqala zebandla lamaKristu, ngoko kukho imiba ethile kule nkolelo. Sekunjalo, kangangeenkulungwane amaKristu ebesiya kwindawo ekucingelwa ukuba wayengcwatywe kuyo ekumntla-ntshona weSpeyin kuhambo lwezonqulo lwaminyaka le olubizwa ngokuba yiCamino de Santiago. Rhoqo ngonyaka malunga nama-300,000 abantu batyelela itempile kaSaint James Omkhulu kwisixeko saseSantiago de Compostela.
3. UYohane, unyana kaZebhedi
UYohane, unyana kaZebhedi wayelilungu lesithathu lesangqa sabafundi bakaYesu kunye nomntakwabo kaYakobi Omkhulu. Ngomnye wabapostile ababengabalobi beentlanzi ngaphambi kokuba babizelwe kuYesu. UYohane waziwa kakhulu ngeziganeko ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo ezikhankanywe eBhayibhileni, kuquka xa wathabatha unina kaYesu uMariya wamsa ekhayeni lakhe waza wamnyamekela. Xa kwavakala iindaba zokuba ingcwaba likaYesu alinanto, uYohane noPetros babalekela kunye apho. UYohane wafika kuqala kwaye isibini samangaliswa yimfumba yelinen eshiywe ngasemva bengazi ukuba uYesu uya kuvuka ngokutsho kwesibhalo.
Ngokutsho kwembali, uYohane wagxothwa kwisiqithi sasePatmos apho wabhala iNcwadi yesiTyhilelo. Wafa ngo-98 AD ebudaleni, ngokungafaniyo nabanye abafundi abaninzi. Ngaphambi kokufa kukaYohane, uPetros wabuza uYesu oko kwakuza kwenzeka kuYohane esithi, “Nkosi, kuthekani ngaye? UYesu waphendula ngokuxelela uPetros ukuba yayingeyonjongo yakhe. Ekhokelela abafundi ukuba bakholelwe ukuba uYohane akayi kufa kodwa babephazama, kwaye ngoku kucingelwa ukuba uYesu wayethetha ukuba kwakukho izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokufa kukaYohane kunezomntu wonke.
4. UAndreya
UAndreya wayengumlobi weentlanzi kwaye engumfundi wokuqala uYesu awambizayo ukuba amkhonze. Nangona wayengenguye omnye wabafundi abathathu abaziintloko, wayesaziwa njengomnye wabafundi abasondelelene ngakumbi noYesu. Ngaphambi koko uAndreya wayengumfundi womza kaYesu, uYohane uMbhaptizi. UAndreya weza noPetros kuYesu waza wamxelela ukuba uYesu unguMesiya, nangona uPetros ezukiswa ngokuvuma ukuba uYesu unguMesiya. Lo ngumzekelo nje omnye wendlela uAndrew awayesoloko esiza ngayo kwindawo yesibini kumntakwabo kwizibhalo.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba oku kwakubangelwa kukuba wayeselula okanye egqalwa njengongabalulekanga kangako kunoPetros. UAndrew wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni ngowama-60 AD kwisixeko saseGrisi sasePatras. Ngokwezenzo zika-Andrew, wayebotshelelwe kumnqamlezo omilise u-X owaziwa ngokuba ngu-Saint Andrew's Cross, kuba njengoPetros, wayezibona engakufanelekeli ukufa kanye ngendlela awafa ngayo uYesu. Wahlala exhonywe iintsuku ezintathu eshumayela lonke elo xesha. Imibhalo yangaphambili ichaze umnqamlezo owawusetyenziswa ekufel’ ukholo kuka-Andrew njengomnqamlezo wesithethe. Kuzo zombini iinguqulelo zebali wayebotshwe kunokuba abethelelwe.
5. UFilipu
Umpostile uFilipu ukhankanywa nje izihlandlo ezimbalwa kwiTestamente eNtsha. Ngomnye wamadoda amane ekuthiwa nguFilipu ekuthethwa ngawo kuyo yonke iBhayibhile. Ukwenza izinto zidideke ngakumbi, abafundi beBhayibhile bokuqala ngokufuthi babezibhidanisa zonke ezi Phillips. Kuncinane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngompostile uFilipu. NjengoPetros noAndreya, wayevela kwidolophu eselunxwemeni yaseBhetesayida kulwandle lwaseGalili. IBhayibhile ichaza amadoda athile angamaGrike awayefuna uFilipu, kuba ayefuna ukubona uYesu ebonisa ukuba uFilipu wayethetha bhetele isiGrike kunabanye abafundi.
Waziwa kakhulu ngokuzisa uNathaniyeli kuYesu. Kwincwadi kaYohane, uYesu uvavanya uFilipu ngokumbuza indawo yokuthenga isonka sesihlwele sabantu abangamawaka amahlanu abalambileyo. Kamva kwisibhalo uFilipu ucela uYesu ukuba ababonise uThixo uYise, uYesu uyaphendula, “Lowo undibonileyo mna umbonile uBawo.” Kukho iingxelo ezahlukeneyo zokufa kukaFilipu ekusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeka malunga no-80 AD, omnye uthi wasweleka ngenxa yezizathu zendalo ngelixa ezinye iirekhodi zibonisa ukuba uFilipu wanqunyulwa intloko okanye wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni.
6. UBhartolomeyu
Akukho nto ingako yaziwayo ngompostile uBhartolomeyu ngaphandle kwegama lakhe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uye kwelinye igama, kwaye unxulumene ngokusondeleyo noFilipu eBhayibhileni, ebonisa ukuba bobabini babenobudlelwane bohlobo oluthile. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba uBartholomew wayenguNathaniyeli. Kwivangeli likaYohane kukho umpostile ogama linguNathaniyeli onxulumene ngokusondeleyo noFilipu noBhartolomeyu akakhankanywanga kuYohane, kodwa abanye abavumelani kwaye bacinga ukuba uBhartolomeyu noNathaniyeli babengabantu abahlukeneyo. UBartholomew mhlawumbi wabulawelwa ukholo njengabanye abapostile kwaye kukho amabango ahlukeneyo malunga nendlela awafa ngayo.
Ngokweyona nguqulelo idumileyo neyoyikekayo waxhetywa ephila waze wanqunyulwa intloko. Imizobo ebonisa ukufa kukaBartholomew idla ngokumbonisa enqunyulwe kwaye enxibe ulusu lwakhe okanye ebambe imela ephosayo. Ezinye iingxelo zokufa kukaBartholomew zithi wabethwa wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni, wabethelelwa ejongise ezantsi, wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni wehliswa esaphila waza wanqunyulwa intloko, wabethwa engekho zingqondweni waza waphoswa elwandle, yaye wanqunyulwa intloko nje. Nangona iinkcukacha ezijikeleze ukufa kukaBartholomew azicacanga ngenxa yamabali aphikisanayo, kuyacaca ukuba akazange afe ngenxa yezizathu zendalo okanye ebudaleni. Nangona kunjalo, wadlula kweli hlabathi kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakubi kakhulu.
7. UMateyu
Kwaziwa ngokuba nguLevi. UMateyu wayengumbuthi werhafu owayeqokelela imali yamaRoma kwamanye amaYuda. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yobuYuda, lo yayingomnye wemisebenzi egxekwayo nethiyiweyo. Yayijongwa njengendlela yokungcatsha eyayimela ukulawulwa yiRoma kwaSirayeli. Ngoko, xa uYesu wacela uMateyu ukuba abe ngomnye wabafundi bakhe kwabonisa ukuba uThixo ukhetha zonke iindidi zabantu ukuba zenze umsebenzi wakhe, kuquka abantu ababegqalwa njengabangaphandle. UMateyu ukhankanywe izihlandlo ezisixhenxe kuphela eBhayibhileni ukanti ungomnye wabafundi abadumileyo. Ngokutsho kweencwadi zevangeli, uYesu waya kuye kwindawo yokuqokelela irhafu waza wacela uMateyu ukuba amlandele.
Bobabini batya kwaMateyu, kukho into eninzi yababuthi berhafu naboni. UYesu akazange akwenze oku ngenjongo yokubonakalisa isimilo kodwa ebonisa ukuba kwanabantu ababegqalwa njengabangenakuhlawulelwa babemkelwa nguThixo. Iimeko eziphathelele ukufa kukaMateyu ubukhulu becala azikho mfihlelo. Enye ingxelo ithi wafa ngenxa yokwaluphala kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba wabulawelwa ukholo njengenkoliso yabanye abafundi. Kukho iingxelo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngoko kwenzeka kuye, kuquka amabali angokunqunyulwa kwakhe intloko, ukuhlatywa, ukutshiswa okanye ukuxulutywa ngamatye.
8. UTomas
UTomas umpostile akakhankanywanga kakhulu eBhayibhileni, kwaye iinkcukacha zobomi bakhe ziyangqubana kwaye azicacanga, kodwa waziwa kakhulu ngokuthandabuza kwakhe ngexesha lesiganeko esidumileyo esamenza wabizwa ngokuba ngu “Doubting Thomas”. Incwadi yeVangeli kaYohane ichaza indlela uTomas aluthandabuza ngayo uvuko lukaYesu esithi kwabanye abafundi, “Ngaphandle kokuba ndiwabone amanxeba ezikhonkwane ezandleni zakhe, ndibeke umnwe wam apho kwakukho izikhonkwane, ndifake isandla sam ecaleni layo, andisayi kukholwa.”
UYesu wabonakala waza wacela ukuba uTomas achukumise amanxeba akhe njengoko wayetshilo ukuze akholelwe ukuba uvuko luyinyani. Eli bali lalisisiseko sokholo olusekwe kubungqina kunye nengcamango yabantu abangabonanga kodwa bakholwa. UThomas wabulawelwa ukholo ngoJulayi 3 ngo-72 AD Ngokwesithethe wabulawa ngekrele eMylapore, eIndiya. Ngokungafaniyo neengxelo ezininzi zabanye abafundi abafayo kukho amabali ambalwa malunga nendlela uTomas awafa ngayo kwaye zonke zifana.
9 uYakobi, unyana ka-Alifeyu
Umpostile uYakobi, unyana ka-Alfeyu ukhankanywa kuphela kwizintlu ezine zabapostile nto leyo ethetha ukuba zimbini kuphela izinto ezaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ngaye zokuba igama lakhe yayinguYakobi nokuba igama likayise lalinguAlfeyu. Kukho uqikelelo oluninzi ngaye kodwa akukho nanye kuzo enokungqinwa njengenyaniso. Ukwenza izinto zidideke ngakumbi, ngoxa kucacile ukuba uYakobi, unyana ka-Alifeyu wayengumntu owahlukileyo kunompostile uYakobi, unyana kaZebhedi, kukho abanye abantu ababini ekuthiwa nguYakobi eBhayibhileni omnye wabo ngumntakwabo Yesu okwabizwa ngokuba nguYakobi. oLungileyo nomnye waziwa ngokuba nguYakobi oMncinane kwaye akucaci ukuba ngaba omnye wabo ngumntu ofanayo noYakobi, unyana ka-Alfeyu.
Kwanebandla lokuqala latsala nzima lizama ukuyiqonda le nto. Ngenxa yako konke oku kubhideka kunzima ukuchaza indlela awafa ngayo uYakobi, unyana ka-Alifeyu. UmntakwaboYesu uYakobi wabulawa ngogonyamelo xa watyhalwa encotsheni yetempile, wabethwa ngegqudu waza waxulutywa ngamatye wafa. Enye ingxelo echaza ukufa kukaYakobi, unyana ka-Alfeyu uthi wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni ngexesha lokushumayela eYiputa. Elinye ibali lithi waxulutywa ngamatye wafa eYerusalem. Kungakhathaliseki indlela awafa ngayo umpostile uYakobi kusenokuba kukhuselekile ukuthi wafela ukholo.
10. Thadeyu
Umpostile uYude waziwa ngamagama aliqela aquka uYude kaYakobi, uYuda kaYakobi, uTadeyu, uYudas Tadeyu, noLebheyu. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba wayengumntakwabo Yesu kodwa akukho ngxelo icacileyo eBhayibhileni ngokuphathelele oku. Ngoko, akukho mntu unokutsho ngokuqinisekileyo enoba bobabini uYude babengumntu omnye kusini na. Kunzima ukuqikelela malunga nobomi bukaYude okanye ukufa kompostile, ngaphandle kokuyijonga njengento enokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, uYude umpostile ngokuqinisekileyo wayengumntu owahlukileyo kunoYudas Skariyoti kwaye kukholelwa ukuba wahamba ngegama lesidlaliso uThaddeus ukuba ahluke kuYudas owayengeyena mntu uthandwayo wecawa ngeli xesha.
Isithethe sithi uYude umpostile wabulawelwa ukholo kunye noSimon, umZealot kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba sisixeko saseBeirut ngo-65 AD Ngelo xesha lo mmandla wawuyinxalenye yephondo laseRoma laseSiriya. Imizobo yenkolo ihlala ibonakalisa uYude ephethe izembe elifuzisela indlela awafa ngayo. Enye ingxelo ithi amathambo akhe afuduswa e-Beirut asiwa eRoma ngo-1665 kwaye afakwa kwi-crypt e-Saint Peter's Basilica apho amathambo akhe abelana ngengcwaba noSimon umZealot.
Elinye ibali lithi amathambo kaYude agcinwe kumzi woonongendi waseArmenia eKyrgyzstan yaye agcinwa apho de kwaphakathi kwinkulungwane ye-15. Ibhokisi yamathambo amathambo omntwana enombhalo othi Judas Thaddeus yafunyanwa ecaleni kweqela lamathambo amathambo abafileyo elingaziwayo kwintlambo yaseYizereli kwaSirayeli. Le ndawo yabhalwa emva kwenkulungwane yesibini ebonisa ukuba inokuba yindawo yokungcwaba uYude.
11 uSimon umZeloti
Igama likaSimon umZealot livela kuphela kwizintlu ezine zabapostile. Akukho mntu uyaziyo ukuba igama lakhe lesidlaliso elithi Zealot lithetha ukuthini. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayelilungu lehlelo lamaYuda elibizwa ngokuba ngamaZealot, elalifuna imvukelo elalifuna umesiya. Enye kukuba wayenenzondelelo ngokufunda umthetho wemouse okanye uYesu neemfundiso zakhe. Ezinye iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile zamandulo zibhidanisa uSimon nomntakwabo Yesu zize zingachaneki zimbiza ngokuba nguSimon umKanan.
Oku kwakhokelela kwinkolelo yokuba uSimon umZealot wayekho ngexesha lommangaliso wokuqala kaYesu xa wajika amanzi abe yiwayini, kodwa ngoku kucingelwa ukuba oku kwakungenjalo. Ngokwesithethe uSimon washumayela eJiphutha kodwa akukho nto yimbi eyaziwayo ngaye kwaye kukho amabali aphikisanayo malunga nendlela awabhubha ngayo. Iingxelo zokuqala zisusela kwiinkulungwane emva kokufa kwakhe, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima nangakumbi ukuthetha ngokuzithemba ukuba yintoni enokwenzeka.
Ebudeni benkulungwane yesihlanu umbhali-mbali waseArmenia uMoses waseTurin wabhala ukuba uSimon wabulawelwa ukholo kuBukumkani baseIberia. Ingqokelela yamabali obomi babangcwele aziwa ngokuba yiGolden Legend, ibango lokuba uSimon umZealot wabulawelwa ukholo ePersi ngowama-65 AD AmaKristu aseTopiya athi wabulawa kumbindi welizwe lakwaSirayeli ekuthiwa yiSamari. Enye ingxelo ithi uSimon wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni eBritani ngowama-61 AD Elinye ibali libanga ukuba wenyuka phakathi ngelixa isithethe sasempumalanga sithi wasweleka ngenxa yokwaluphala kwisixeko samandulo saseOdessa.
12 uYuda Sikariyoti
Oyena mpostile udumileyo okanye mhlawumbi owayedume kakubi yayinguYudas Skariyoti. Nanamhlanje igama lakhe liyafana negama umngcatshi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngaxa lithile uYudas wayegqalwa njengomntu othembekileyo. Wayengunondyebo omiselwe uYesu nabafundi bakhe. Ukanti kwaesi sibhalo sichaza umsebenzi wakhe sikwakhankanya nendlela awayengathembekanga ngayo. UYesu waxelela abafundi bakhe kwisidlo sokugqibela ukuba wayesazi ukuba omnye wabo wayeza kumngcatsha. Wandula ke waguqukela kuYudas waza wathi, “Oko uza kukwenza, kwenze ngokukhawuleza.”
Ngelo xesha akukho namnye kubapostile owayifumanisayo loo nto kuba babecinga ukuba uYesu wayethetha ngemali. Ngokutsho kweBhayibhile, uYudas wadibana nabanye ababingeleli waza wavuma ukungcatsha uYesu ngamaqhosha esilivere angama-30. Kamva waya kuYesu ngoxa wayelandelwa lihlokondiba elixhobileyo elambambayo laza lamthabatha laya kubethelelwa emnqamlezweni. Kungale ndlela ukubawa okwabangela ukuba uYudas enze into eyakhokelela ekubulaweni kukaYesu. Wazisola ngoko nangoko ngento awayenzayo, kodwa ubomi bakhe babonakele.
Ngokutsho kwencwadi kaMateyu, uYudas wazixhoma. Incwadi yeVangeli kaLuka ichaza indlela uYudas wasebenzisa ngayo imali awayifumanayo ngokungcatsha uYesu ukuze athenge intsimi apho wawela khona intloko kuqala. Ngokutsho kwesibhalo umzimba wakhe wagqabhuka, amathumbu akhe aphalala. Akucaci ukuba oku kuthetha ukuthini kwaye zombini iingxelo zabhalwa emva kokufa kukaYudas, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ababhali bafumana ezinye iinkcukacha ezingalunganga.
isiphelo
UYesu wayebalungiselele abafundi bakhe waza uThixo wabasebenzisa ngendlela enamandla ukuze alumkise ihlabathi ngeendaba zakhe ezilungileyo zokuba uYesu Kristu uze ehlabathini ukuze asindise aboni. La madoda anikela ngobomi bawo aza afa ukuze bonke bazive iindaba ezilungileyo zokuba uxolelo lwezono lukhululekile kuye nabani na okholwayo kuYesu Kristu nomamkela njengeNkosi noMsindisi.