Choke point inoreva nzvimbo ine hunyanzvi, senge nzira yakamanikana kana poindi yekupinda, uko kutonga kana kukanganisa kwekufamba kunogona kuve nezvakakosha kune zvechiuto, zvehupfumi, kana zvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika. Idzi nzvimbo dzinowanzo shanda semabhodhoro kana makutano akakosha ayo mazhinji ekufambisa, kutengeserana, kana mauto traffic anofanira kupfuura, zvichivaita munjodzi yekunetsana kwezvematongerwo enyika, piracy, uye kumwe kutyisidzira kwekuchengetedza. Choke mapoinzi anogona kuitika munzvimbo dzese dzemugungwa uye dzepasi.
- Mumamiriro ezvinhu emugungwa, nzvimbo dzakadzipwa inzira dzakatetepa dzemvura dzakakosha pakufamba kwemugungwa uye kutengeserana. Dzinowanzoonekwa nehupamhi hwadzo hushoma uye dzinokosha pakubatanidza miviri mikuru yemvura. Mienzaniso inosanganisira straits, migero, kana nzira dzinofambisa kufamba kwengarava pakati pemakungwa kana makungwa.
- Panyika, mapoinzi anodzipwa anogona kunge ari maficha akadai senzira dzemakomo, mipata, kana makutano akakosha anodzora kupinda kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Idzi nzvimbo dzakakosha zvine hungwaru kumishandirapamwe yemauto, nzira dzekutengesa, kana network yekufambisa.
Kukosha kwemapoinzi ekudzipa kuri mukusagadzikana kwavo kudzora kana kukanganisa. Kana nyika kana sangano richikwanisa kuita pesvedzero kana kutonga pane chinodzipwa, rinogona kudzora kana kumisa kufamba kwezvinhu, vanhu, kana midziyo yemauto, zvichikanganisa masimba edunhu kana epasi rose. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nzvimbo dzinodzipwa dzinowanzova nzvimbo dzakanangana nemakwikwi ezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusawirirana munzvimbo idzi kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro inosvika kure kuhukama hwenyika, chengetedzo, uye kutengeserana.
Heano akakosha epasi rose mapoinzi.
1. Strait of Hormuz
Strait yeHormuz ihombe pakati pePersian Gulf neGulf yeOman. Inopa chete nzira yegungwa kubva kuPersian Gulf kuenda kugungwa rakashama uye ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha kwazvo dzepasirese. Pamhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kune Iran, uye pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kune Musandam peninsula, yakagovaniswa neUnited Arab Emirates uye Musandam Gavhuna, chirevo cheOman.
Iyo strait ingangoita 90 nautical mamaira (167 km) kureba, nehupamhi hunosiyana kubva pa52 nmi (96 km) kusvika 21 nmi (39 km). Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chegasi repasi rose rakanyungudutswa uye ingangoita 25% yemafuta ese epasi rose ekushandiswa kwemafuta anopfuura nepakati, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo yakakosha yekutengeserana kwenyika. Zvave zvakadaro kwemazana emakore; nharaunda dzayo dzakakura dzakanga dzakapfuma nezvinhu zvokutengeserana zvoumbozha pasina kuwana nyore kuzviteshi zvokutengeserana zvinopa mari.
2. Bab-el-Mandeb
Bab-el-Mandeb igwara riri pakati peYemeni paArabia Peninsula neDjibouti neEritrea kuNyanga yeAfrica. Inobatanidza Gungwa Dzvuku neGulf of Aden uye nekuwedzera Indian Ocean. The Strait inowana zita rayo kubva kune njodzi inopinda mukufamba kwayo kana, maererano nengano yechiArab, kubva kunhamba dzakanyudzwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaparadzanisa Peninsula yeArabia kubva kuNyanga yeAfrica.
Chinhambwe chekuyambuka chingangoita makiromita makumi maviri nematanhatu (26 mi) kubva kuRas Menheli kuYemen kuenda kuRas Siyyan kuDjibouti. Bab el-Mandeb Strait yakafara mamaira gumi nemasere payakamanikana kwazvo, ichimisa kutakura matangi kusvika kunzira mbiri-maira-yakapamhama yekutakura mukati nekunze. Bab-el-Mandeb inoshanda senzira yekubatanidza pakati peIndian Ocean neGungwa reMediterranean kuburikidza neGungwa Dzvuku neSuez Canal.
3. Strait of Malacca
Malacca Strait inzvimbo yakatetepa yemvura, 500 mi (800 km) kureba uye kubva 40 kusvika 155 mi (65-250 km) yakafara, iri pakati peIndonesia chitsuwa cheSumatra kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero neMalay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) kusvika kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, kubatanidza Gungwa reAndaman (Indian Ocean) neSingapore Strait neSouth China Sea (Pacific Ocean) Senzira huru yekutumira pakati peIndia Ocean neSouth China Sea, ndiyo imwe yenzira dzinokosha dzekutakura munyika. Inotumidzwa zita rePhyllanthus emblica, iyo inozivikanwa nevagari venzvimbo semuti weMalaka, wakakura munzvimbo dzemahombekombe padivi pe strait.
4. Panama Canal
Iyo Panama Canal inzira yekugadzira 82-kilomita (51-mamaira) yemvura muPanama inobatanidza Atlantic Ocean nePacific Ocean, ichicheka nepakati peIsthmus yePanama, uye inzira yekutengeserana mugungwa. Canal inokiyira kumagumo ega ega inosimudza ngarava kusvika kuGatun Lake, dziva rekugadzira remvura yakachena 26 metres (85 ft) pamusoro pegungwa, rakagadzirwa nekudzika Rwizi Chagres neLake Alajuela kudzikisa huwandu hwebasa rekuchera rinodiwa mugero, uyezve. dzikisa zvikepe kune rumwe rutivi.
Avhareji ye200,000,000 L (52,000,000 US gal) yemvura yakachena inoshandiswa mukupfuura kumwe chete kwechikepe. Nzira yekudimbudzira yePanama Canal inoderedza zvakanyanya nguva yekuti zvikepe zvifambe pakati pemakungwa eAtlantic nePacific, zvichiita kuti zvidzivise nzira refu, ine njodzi inotenderera nechokumaodzanyemba kweSouth America kuburikidza neDrake Passage kana Strait yeMagellan. Ndiyo imwe yemapurojekiti makuru uye akaoma kwazvo einjiniya akamboitwa.
5. Suez Canal
Mugero weSuez inzira yemvura yepasi pegungwa muEgypt, inobatanidza Gungwa reMediterranean neGungwa Dzvuku kuburikidza neIsthmus yeSuez uye inoparadzanisa Africa neAsia (uye nekuwedzera, Sinai Peninsula kubva kune imwe nyika yeEgypt). Iyo 193.30-kilomita-yakareba (120.11 mi) canal inzira yakakosha yekutengesa pakati peEurope neAsia. Inopa ngarava nzira yakananga pakati peNorth Atlantic uye kuchamhembe kwemakungwa eIndia kuburikidza neGungwa reMedithera neGungwa Dzvuku, ichidzivirira kuSouth Atlantic nekumaodzanyemba kwemakungwa eIndia.
Mugero unoderedza rwendo kubva kuGungwa reArabia kuenda kuLondon nemakiromita angangoita 8,900 (5,500 mi), kusvika kumazuva gumi pamakumi maviri (10 km/h; 20 mph) kana mazuva masere pamakumi maviri nemana (37 km/h; 23 mph. ) Mugero uyu unotangira kuchiteshi chekuchamhembe chePort Said kuenda kuchiteshi chekumaodzanyemba chePort Tewfik kuguta reSuez. Mugero wakaita basa rakakosha remauto senzira yekudimbudzira uye yekudzipwa. Zvikepe zvine mhenderekedzo yegungwa uye zvigadziko paGungwa reMeditera neGungwa Dzvuku (Egypt neIsrael) vanofarira zvikuru Suez Canal.
6. Strait yeGibraltar
The Strait of Gibraltar inzira nhete inobatanidza Atlantic Ocean neGungwa reMediterranean uye inoparadzanisa Europe neAfrica. Makondinendi maviri aya akapatsanurwa nemakiromita gumi nematatu (13 mamaira; 8.1 nautical mamaira) egungwa panzvimbo yakamanikana yeStrait pakati pePoint Marroquí muSpain nePoint Cires kuMorocco. Iyo strait iri munzvimbo dzemvura dzeMorocco, Spain, neBritish mhiri kwemakungwa nharaunda yeGibraltar.
7. Strait yeDover
Iyo Strait yeDover kana Dover Strait ndiyo inoyerera pachikamu chakamanikana cheEnglish Channel, ichimaka muganho pakati peChannel neNorth Sea, uye ichiparadzanisa Great Britain kubva kuEurope. Iro chinhambwe chipfupi kuyambuka rukova, makiromita angangoita makumi maviri (makiromita makumi matatu nemaviri), kubva kuSouth Foreland, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweDover mudunhu reChirungu reKent, kuenda kuCap Gris Nez, kepe padhuze neCalais mudunhu reFrance rePas-de. -Calais. Iyo yese strait iri mukati menharaunda yemvura yeFrance neUnited Kingdom.
8. Strait of Magellan
Iyo Strait yeMagellan, inonziwo Straits yeMagellan, inzira yegungwa inofambika kumaodzanyemba kweChile inoparadzanisa nyika yeSouth America kuchamhembe uye Tierra del Fuego kumaodzanyemba. Iyo strait inoonekwa seyakanyanya kukosha nzira yechisikigo pakati pemakungwa eAtlantic nePacific. Iyo strait ingangoita 570 km (310 nmi; 350 mi) kureba uye 2 km (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) yakafara panzvimbo yakatetepa.
Muna 1520, rwendo rweSpain rwaFerdinand Magellan, rakatumidzwa zita rerwizi rwacho, rwakava vanhu vekuEurope vokutanga kuiwana. Nzira yacho yakaoma kufamba nekuda kwekugara kutetepa uye mhepo isingatarisike uye mafungu. Kutyaira kwemugungwa kwava kusungirwa. Nharaunda yacho ipfupi uye yakadzivirirwa kupfuura Drake Passage, iyo inowanzovhurika gungwa nzira yakazaruka yakatenderedza Cape Horn, iyo inonatswa nemhepo zhinji ine simba guru uye icebergs.
9. Beagle Channel
Beagle Channel inzira muTierra del Fuego Archipelago, pamucheto wekumaodzanyemba kweSouth America pakati peChile neArgentina. Iyo nzira inoparadzanisa chitsuwa chikuru cheIsla Grande de Tierra del Fuego kubva kune zvitsuwa zvidiki zvakasiyana zvinosanganisira zvitsuwa zvePicton, Lennox neNueva; Navarino; Hoste; Londonderry; uye Stewart. Nzvimbo yekumabvazuva kwechiteshi inoumba chikamu chemuganhu pakati peChile neArgentina uye nzvimbo yekumadokero iri mukati meChile.
Iyo Beagle Channel, iyo Straits yeMagellan kuchamhembe, uye yakavhurika yegungwa Drake Passage kumaodzanyemba ndiyo nzira nhatu dzinofambika dzakatenderedza South America pakati pePacific neAtlantic Oceans. Kunyanya kutengesa kutengesa kunoshandisa yakavhurika-gungwa Drake Passage. Iyo Beagle Channel ingangoita 240 makiromita (130 nmi; 150 mi) kureba uye 5 makiromita (3 nmi; 3 mi) yakafara panzvimbo yakamanikana. Inotangira kuNueva Island kumabvazuva kusvika kuDarwin Sound neCook Bay muPacific Ocean kumadokero.
10. Drake Passage
Drake Passage ndiyo mutumbi wemvura pakati peSouth America's Cape Horn, Chile, Argentina neSouth Shetland Islands yeAntarctica. Inobatanidza chikamu chekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAtlantic Ocean (Gungwa reScotia) nechikamu chekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePacific Ocean uye inosvika kuSouthern Ocean. Iyi ndima yakatumidzwa zita remuzana ramakore rechi 16 muongorori weChirungu uye akavanzika Sir Francis Drake. Iyo Drake Passage inoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kunyengera nzendo dzekufamba nengarava.
Currents palatitude payo haigoni kupikisa kubva kune chero nyika, uye masaisai ari pamusoro pemamita makumi mana (40 m), achiipa mukurumbira we "kusangana kune simba kwazvo kwemakungwa". Sezvo Drake Passage iriyo nzira yakamanikana (choke point) yakatenderedza Antarctica, kuvepo kwayo uye maumbirwo ayo anokanganisa zvakanyanya kutenderera kwemvura kutenderera Antarctica uye kutenderera kwepasi rose kwemakungwa, pamwe nemamiriro ekunze epasi rose. Iyo yekugezera yeDrake Passage inoita basa rakakosha mukusanganiswa kwepasi rose kwemvura yemugungwa.
11. Cape of Good Tariro
The Cape of Good Hope inzvimbo ine matombo pamahombekombe egungwa reAtlantic kuCape Peninsula muSouth Africa. Zvisinei, pakutevedza rutivi rwokumavirira rwemhenderekedzo yegungwa yeAfrica kubva kuequator, Cape of Good Hope inoratidza nzvimbo apo ngarava inotanga kufamba ichienda kumabvazuva kupfuura kumaodzanyemba. Seimwe yemakepe makuru eSouth Atlantic Ocean, yakagara yakakosha kune vafambisi vezvikepe. The Cape of Good Hope inowanzoshandiswa seimwe nzira yekuenda kuSuez Canal, yezvikepe zvinoda imwe nzira kubva kuIndia Ocean.
12. Bering Strait
Bering Strait inzira iri pakati pePacific neArctic oceans, inoparadzanisa Chukchi Peninsula yeRussia Far East kubva kuSeward Peninsula yeAlaska. Iyo Bering Strait inenge 82 makiromita (51 mi) yakafara panzvimbo yakamanikana, pakati peCape Dezhnev, Chukchi Peninsula, Russia, nzvimbo yekumabvazuva kwekondinendi yeAsia neCape Prince yeWales, Alaska, United States, kumadokero kweNorth. America kondinendi. The Strait yakatumidzwa zita reVitus Bering, muongorori weDanish mubasa reHumambo hweRussia.
13. Bosphorus Strait
Bosporus kana Bosphorus Strait inzira yechisikigo uye nzira yemvura yakakosha pasirese iri muIstanbul, Turkey. Bosporus inobatanidza Gungwa Dzvuku neGungwa reMarmara uye inoumba imwe yemiganhu yemakondinendi pakati peAsia neEurope. Inoparadzanisawo Turkey nekuparadzanisa Anatolia kubva kuThrace. Ndiwo mutsetse wakatetepa pasi rose unoshandiswa pakufamba kwepasirese. Bosporus Strait neDardanelles Strait mhiri kwakatarisana neGungwa reMarmara pamwe chete dzinozivikanwa seTurkey Straits.
14. Dardanelles Strait
Iyo Dardanelles, inozivikanwawo seStrait yeGallipoli (mushure meGallipoli peninsula) uye muClassical Antiquity seHellespont, inzira nhete, yakasikwa uye nzira yemvura yakakosha pasi rose kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweTurkey inoumba chikamu chemuganhu wekondinendi pakati peAsia neEurope uye inoparadzanisa. Asian Turkey kubva kuEuropean Turkey. Pamwe chete neBosporus, iyo Dardanelles inoumba iyo Turkish Straits.
Imwe yenzira dzakatetepa pasirese dzinoshandiswa kufamba nedzimwe nyika, Dardanelles inobatanidza Gungwa reMarmara nemakungwa eAegean neMedithera ichibvumirawo kuenda kuGungwa Dzvuku nekuwedzera kuburikidza neBosporus. Iyo Dardanelles ndeye 61 makiromita (38 mi) kureba uye 1.2 kusvika 6 makiromita (0.75 kusvika 3.73 mi) yakafara. Iyo ine avhareji kudzika kwemamita makumi mashanu neshanu (55 ft) nekudzika kwakadzika kwemamita zana nemakumi matatu (180 ft) panzvimbo yakamanikana pakatarisana neguta reÇanakkale.
15. Strait of Tartary
Strait of Tartary kana Gulf of Tartary ihombe iri muPacific Ocean inoparadzanisa chitsuwa cheRussia cheSakhalin kubva kuAsia (South-East Russia), ichibatanidza Gungwa reOkhotsk (Nevelskoy Strait) kuchamhembe neGungwa reJapan kumaodzanyemba. . Iyo 632 makiromita (393 mi) kureba, 7-342 makiromita (4.3-212.5 mi) yakafara, uye isingasviki 210 m (690 ft) yakadzika pakadzika payo.
16. Khyber Pass
Iyo Khyber Pass inzvimbo yemakomo mudunhu reKhyber Pakhtunkhwa kuPakistan, kumuganhu neNangarhar Province reAfghanistan. Inobatanidza dhorobha reLandi Kotal neMupata wePeshawar kuJamrud nekuyambuka chikamu cheWhite Mountains. Sezvo chaive chikamu chekare cheSirika Road, yanga iri nzira yakakosha yekutengeserana pakati peCentral Asia neIndia subcontinent uye nehurongwa hwemauto hwekudzikira nyika dzakasiyana dzaiidzora. Khyber Pass inoonekwa seimwe yemakomo ane mukurumbira pasi rose.
mhedziso
Kukosha kwegeopolitical kweaya mapoinzi hakugone kuwedzeredzwa. Idzi ndima nhete ndiyo inoraramisa kutengeserana kwepasirese, uye chero kukanganisa kana kusawirirana/makakatanwa mumatunhu aya kazhinji ane mhedzisiro inosvika kure, inokanganisa kugadzikana kwemisika yepasirese, mitengo yemagetsi, uye mamiriro ese ezvematongerwo enyika. Nyika dzine hutongi kana pesvedzero pamusoro peidzi ndima dzakarongwa dzinogona kushandisa simba rakakura uye kuwedzera mune zvepasi rose. Kuedza kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa uye kugadzikana kwezvikamu zvakakosha izvi zvakakosha pakuchengetedza kufamba kwakanaka kwezvinhu uye zviwanikwa munhandare yepasi rose.