Chiyambireni chitukuko cha anthu, mbiri yawona kutuluka kwa malingaliro abwinodi omwe asiya chizindikiro chosatha. Anthu odziwika bwino m’mbali zonse za sayansi, masamu, filosofi, luso, ndi mabuku awonjezera mbiri ya anthu m’njira zambirimbiri. Ngakhale kuti ena mwa malingaliro abwinowa afewetsa miyoyo yathu mwa kupanga luso lamakono lothandiza, ena athandizira sayansi ya zamankhwala, zomwe zimatithandiza kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi. Mabungwe ndi zitukuko zapita patsogolo kufika kumene ife tiri lerolino chifukwa cha ntchito imene amasomphenya ameneŵa anali nayo limodzinso ndi ena ambiri amene anatsatira mapazi awo.
Nawa malingaliro 20 apamwamba kwambiri m'mbiri.
1. Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday anali wasayansi wachingelezi yemwe adathandizira pa kafukufuku wa electromagnetism ndi electrochemistry. Zomwe adatulukira zikuphatikizapo mfundo za electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism ndi electrolysis. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa asayansi otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri. Albert Einstein akuti adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi Faraday.
2 Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla anali woyambitsa wa ku Serbia-America, injiniya wamagetsi, injiniya wamakina, ndi futurist wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha zopereka zake popanga makina amakono osinthira magetsi (AC). Zomwe adachita zinali zambiri chifukwa anali ndi zovomerezeka pafupifupi 300 pansi pa dzina lake m'maiko 26 osiyanasiyana. Tesla adapanganso chiwongolero choyambirira chakutali, x-ray yoyamba, ndipo adathandizira kupanga chomera choyamba chamagetsi amadzi.
3. Archimedes
Archimedes wa ku Syracuse anali katswiri wa masamu wachigiriki, wasayansi, mainjiniya, wasayansi ya zakuthambo, komanso woyambitsa wa mzinda wakale wa Syrakusa ku Sicily. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa asayansi otsogola akale akale. Archimedes anali munthu woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito masamu pofotokoza za chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, iye anapeza ndi kupanga malamulo a zitsulo ndi zitsulo, zomwe masiku ano zimatilola kusuntha zinthu zolemera kwambiri ndi mphamvu zing'onozing'ono.
Amadziwika kuti ndi katswiri wamasamu wamkulu kwambiri m'mbiri yakale, komanso m'modzi wamkulu kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse, Archimedes amayembekezera kuwerengera kwamakono ndi kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro laling'ono kwambiri komanso njira yotopetsa kuti apeze ndikutsimikizira mosamalitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana a geometrical, kuphatikiza. : dera lozungulira; pamwamba ndi kuchuluka kwa chigawo; dera la ellipse; malo pansi pa parabola; kuchuluka kwa gawo la paraboloid ya kusintha; kuchuluka kwa gawo la hyperboloid ya kusintha; ndi dera la ozungulira.
Anatulukiranso lamulo la kuyenda mothamanga lomwe limalola zombo zazikulu zachitsulo kukhalabe zoyandama m’nyanja. Archimedes analinso woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma exponents mu masamu kulemba ndi kutanthauzira manambala okulirapo. Anapeza kuyerekezera kolondola kwa pi. Iye mwina ndi wotchuka kwambiri chifukwa chopanga zida zankhondo zoopsa zomwe zidapangitsa Aroma akale kuti asatenge Surakusa kwa zaka zingapo.
4. Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton anali katswiri wa masamu wachingelezi, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, katswiri wa maphunziro a zaumulungu, ndiponso wolemba mabuku (wofotokozedwa m’nthaŵi yake monga “wafilosofi wachilengedwe”) wodziŵika mofala monga mmodzi wa akatswiri a masamu ndi afizike aakulu m’nthaŵi zonse ndi pakati pa asayansi otchuka kwambiri. Iye anali munthu wofunika kwambiri pa kusintha kwa filosofi kotchedwa Enlightenment.
Bukhu lake lakuti Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematics Principles of Natural Philosophy), lofalitsidwa koyamba mu 1687, linakhazikitsa makina akale, olongosola lamulo la mphamvu yokoka ndi malamulo a zoyenda. Malamulo atatu a Newton okhudza kuyenda akhudza kwambiri sayansi kuposa ntchito ina iliyonse. Malamulowa anatsogolera ku chithandizo cha mphamvu yokoka monga mphamvu ya chilengedwe chonse, zomwe zinayambitsa kutulukira mapulaneti, ndipo potsirizira pake kuyenda mumlengalenga.
Newton adaperekanso gawo lalikulu ku optics, ndipo amagawana ngongole ndi katswiri wa masamu wa ku Germany Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz pakupanga kawerengedwe kopanda malire, komwe kumatha kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri a sayansi, azachuma, ndi uinjiniya omwe algebra sangathe. Anapanga telesikopu yowunikira, anali woyamba kuthyola kuwala kukhala mitundu pogwiritsa ntchito prism.
5. Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing anali katswiri wa masamu wa ku England, katswiri wa sayansi ya makompyuta, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri pakukula kwa sayansi yamakompyuta, ndikupereka kukhazikika kwa malingaliro a aligorivimu ndi kuwerengera ndi makina a Turing, omwe amatha kuonedwa ngati chitsanzo cha makompyuta acholinga chambiri. Amadziwika kuti ndi tate wa sayansi yaukadaulo yamakompyuta komanso luntha lochita kupanga.
6. Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci anali polymath waku Italy wa High Renaissance yemwe anali wokangalika ngati wojambula, wojambula, mainjiniya, wasayansi, wanthanthi, wosema komanso womanga. Ndizovuta kupeza wina aliyense m'mbiri yakale yemwe anali ndi ukadaulo wambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana kuposa Da Vinci. A polymath wapamwamba kwambiri, Da Vinci adafufuza za anatomy, zakuthambo, botany, zojambulajambula, kujambula, ndi paleontology.
Iye anali wojambula, wosema ziboliboli ndipo akutchulidwa kuti anali ndi malingaliro osaneneka ndi luso lopanga malingaliro atsopano. Amadziwika kuti ndi amene amapanga zinthu zambirimbiri komanso zimene asayansi atulukira. Mwachitsanzo, iye anapanga thanki zaka 400 zisanachitike. Adapanga makina a Knight omwe amadziwika kuti loboti ya Leonardo. Anapanga kalambulabwalo wa suti yamasiku ano yothawira pansi.
Ndipo adaganizanso za parachute, helikopita, ndi zida zotsikira nthawi yawo isanakwane. Mu thupi la munthu, Da Vinci adafufuza mwatsatanetsatane za thupi la munthu. Zaka za m'ma 20 zisanafike, kufufuza kwake kunachititsa kuti atulukire zinthu zingapo pa nkhani ya m'thupi. Pazojambula, Da Vinci ankaonedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa ojambula kwambiri nthawi zonse. Iye anapanga mwinamwake chojambula chodziwika kwambiri m'mbiri yonse chotchedwa Mona Lisa.
7. Pythagoras
Pythagoras wa ku Samos anali wanthanthi wakale wachi Greek wa Ionian komanso woyambitsa dzina la Pythagoreanism. Ziphunzitso zake zandale ndi zachipembedzo zinali zodziŵika bwino ku Magna Graecia ndipo zinasonkhezera mafilosofi a Plato, Aristotle, ndipo, kupyolera mwa iwo, nzeru za azungu. Pythagoras anayamikiridwa ndi Plato kukhala ndi malingaliro ambiri ofunika pa masamu, sayansi, makhalidwe, ndi filosofi. Komanso kutchulidwa kuti ndi matheorems a masamu.
8 Albert einstein
Albert Einstein anali katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wobadwira ku Germany, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo komanso otchuka kwambiri m'nthawi zonse. Einstein amadziwika kwambiri popanga chiphunzitso cha relativity, koma adaperekanso zofunikira pakukula kwa chiphunzitso cha quantum mechanics. Relativity ndi quantum mechanics palimodzi zipilala ziwiri zafizikiki yamakono.
Ntchito yake inapereka umboni wamphamvu wa chiphunzitso cha atomiki komanso kukhalapo kwa maatomu ndi mamolekyu. Anazindikiranso kukula kwa mamolekyu ndikutsimikizira nambala ya Avogadro. Njira yake yofanana ndi mphamvu zambiri E = mc2, yomwe imachokera ku chiphunzitso cha relativity, yatchedwa "equation yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi". Ntchito yake imadziwikanso chifukwa cha mphamvu zake pa filosofi ya sayansi.
Analandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi mu 1921 "chifukwa cha ntchito zake ku sayansi ya sayansi, makamaka chifukwa chopeza lamulo la photoelectric effect", gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha quantum. Zomwe adachita mwaluntha komanso chiyambi chake zidapangitsa kuti "Einstein" akhale ofanana ndi "genius".
9. Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck anali katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Germany yemwe kupeza kwake kwa mphamvu ya quanta kunamupatsa mphoto ya Nobel mu Fizikisi mu 1918. Planck adathandizira kwambiri pa sayansi ya sayansi, koma kutchuka kwake monga katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo kumachokera makamaka pa udindo wake monga woyambitsa wa quantum. chiphunzitso, chomwe chinasintha kumvetsetsa kwaumunthu kwa njira za atomiki ndi za subatomic.
10. Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus anali polymath ya Renaissance, yogwira ntchito monga katswiri wa masamu, zakuthambo, dokotala, katswiri wamaphunziro apamwamba, ndi economist, yemwe anapanga chitsanzo cha chilengedwe chomwe chinayika Dzuwa osati Dziko lapansi pakati pake. Zikuoneka kuti Copernicus anapanga chitsanzo chake popanda Aristarko wa ku Samos, katswiri wa zakuthambo wachigiriki wakale amene anapanga chitsanzo choterocho zaka mazana khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo.
Kufalitsidwa kwa chitsanzo cha Copernicus m’buku lake lakuti De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), atatsala pang’ono kumwalira mu 1543, chinali chochitika chachikulu m’mbiri ya sayansi, chomwe chinayambitsa Chipulumutso cha Copernican ndikuchita upainiya wothandiza pa ntchito za Ufumu. Kusintha kwa Sayansi. Mu 1517 adapeza lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa ndalama - lingaliro lofunikira pazachuma - ndipo mu 1519 adapanga mfundo yazachuma yomwe pambuyo pake idadzatchedwa lamulo la Gresham.
11. Aristotle
Aristotle anali wafilosofi wachi Greek komanso polymath munthawi ya Classical ku Greece Yakale. Zolemba zake zimakhudza mitu yambiri monga physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, ndakatulo, zisudzo, nyimbo, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, ndale, meteorology, geology, ndi boma. Aristotle anapereka nthanthi zocholoŵana za mafilosofi osiyanasiyana amene analipo iye asanakhaleko. Zinali pamwamba pa ziphunzitso zake kuti Kumadzulo kunatengera dikishonale yake yaluntha, komanso mavuto ndi njira zofufuzira.
Chotsatira chake, filosofi yake yakhala ndi chikoka chapadera pafupifupi pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa chidziwitso ku West ndipo ikupitirizabe kukhala nkhani ya zokambirana zamakono. Akatswiri ambiri amati n’kutheka kuti Aristotle ndiye anali munthu womaliza kudziwa zinthu zonse zimene zingachitike padzikoli. Zopereka zimenezi m’nkhani zambiri zapangitsa Aristotle kukhala mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri m’mbiri yonse. Iye amaonedwa mofala monga mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri amene anakhalako, akumapereka chidziŵitso m’mbali zonse za chidziwitso cha anthu.
12. Galileo Galilei
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei anali katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku Italy, wasayansi, mainjiniya, masamu, ndi filosofi yemwe adathandizira kwambiri pa Scientific Revolution panthawi ya Renaissance. Galileo amatchedwa “bambo” wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, sayansi yamakono, njira ya sayansi, ndi sayansi yamakono.
Zimene anachita pa za Venus zinatsimikizira kuti Dzuwa linali pakati pa chilengedwe chonse osati dziko lapansi. Anapezanso miyezi inayi ikuluikulu ya Jupiter. Galileo anapanga chipangizo choyezera kutentha chomwe chinatsegula njira yopangira thermometer. Anatulukiranso kampasi yankhondo yolondola kwambiri. Ndipo buku lake lakuti Galilean Invariance linayala maziko a malamulo a Newton a zoyenda ndi chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha kugwirizana.
13. Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur anali katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku France komanso wasayansi wodziwika bwino chifukwa chopeza mfundo za katemera, kuwira kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kufufuza kwake mu chemistry kunapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chodabwitsa pakumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi kupewa matenda, zomwe zidayika maziko a ukhondo, thanzi la anthu komanso mankhwala ambiri amakono.
Ntchito zake zimati zapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kudzera mu chitukuko cha katemera wa chiwewe ndi anthrax. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa bacteriology yamakono ndipo adalemekezedwa ngati "bambo wa bacteriology" komanso "bambo wa microbiology" (pamodzi ndi Robert Koch, ndi epithet yotsirizayi imatchedwanso Antonie van Leeuwenhoek).
14. Marie Curie
Marie Salomea Skłodowska Curie anali wasayansi waku Poland komanso wachilengedwe wa ku France. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali kupeza radium ndi polonium. Curie poyambilira adapanga mawu oti "radioactivity" ndikutsata ngati njira yochiritsira khansa. Anali mkazi woyamba kulandira Mphotho ya Nobel, komanso munthu woyamba komanso mkazi yekhayo amene adapambana Mphotho ya Nobel kawiri.
Ndiyenso munthu yekhayo amene adapambana Mphotho ya Nobel m'magawo awiri asayansi. Mwamuna wake, Pierre Curie, adapambana nawo pa Mphotho yake yoyamba ya Nobel, kuwapanga kukhala okwatirana oyamba kupambana Mphotho ya Nobel ndikuyambitsa cholowa cha banja la Curie cha Mphotho zisanu za Nobel. Iye anali, mu 1906, mkazi woyamba kukhala pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Paris.
15 Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin anali katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa ku England, katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka ndi sayansi ya zinthu zamoyo, wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuthandizira kwake pa zamoyo zamoyo. Zimene Darwin anatulukira za sayansi ndi chiphunzitso chogwirizanitsa cha sayansi ya zamoyo, chofotokoza za kusiyanasiyana kwa zamoyo. Lingaliro lake lakuti zamoyo zonse zamoyo zinachokera kwa makolo amodzi tsopano likuvomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri ndipo limalingaliridwa kukhala lingaliro lofunika kwambiri la sayansi. Amanenedwa kukhala mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu.
M’chofalitsa chogwirizana ndi Alfred Russel Wallace, iye anayambitsa chiphunzitso chake cha sayansi chakuti chitsanzo cha nthambi cha chisinthiko chimenechi chinachokera ku njira imene iye anaitcha kuti kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe, kumene kulimbirana kukhalako kuli ndi chiyambukiro chofanana ndi kusankha kochita kupanga kophatikizidwa m’kuŵeta kosankha. Darwin anafalitsa chiphunzitso chake cha chisinthiko ndi umboni wamphamvu m’buku lake la 1859 lakuti On the Origin of Species. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1870, asayansi ndiponso anthu ambiri ophunzira anali atavomereza kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina.
16. Adam Smith
Adam Smith anali katswiri wazachuma komanso wafilosofi waku Scotland yemwe anali mpainiya wazachuma komanso munthu wofunikira pa nthawi ya Kuunika kwa Scottish. Wodziwikanso kuti "The Father of Economics" kapena "The Father of Capitalism", adalemba mabuku awiri apamwamba, Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) ndi An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). Yotsirizirayi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imafupikitsidwa kuti The Wealth of Nations, imatengedwa ngati magnum opus komanso ntchito yoyamba yamakono yazachuma.
Mu ntchito yake, Smith anayambitsa chiphunzitso chake cha mwayi wokwanira. Smith adayika maziko a chiphunzitso chachuma chamsika waulere. The Wealth of Nations inali kalambulabwalo wamaphunziro amakono azachuma. M’bukuli ndi zinanso, iye anayambitsa lingaliro la kugaŵanitsa ntchito ndi kufotokoza mmene kudzikonda koyenera ndi mpikisano zingabweretsere kulemera kwachuma. Ntchito yake ikugwirabe ntchito pazachuma zamakono.
17. Euclid
Euclid, yemwe nthawi zina amatchedwa Euclid waku Alexandria kuti amusiyanitse ndi Euclid waku Megara, anali katswiri wamasamu wachi Greek, yemwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "woyambitsa geometry" kapena "bambo wa geometry". His Elements ndi imodzi mwazolemba zamphamvu kwambiri m'mbiri ya masamu. Mu Elements, Euclid adapeza malingaliro a zomwe tsopano zimatchedwa Euclidean geometry kuchokera kumagulu ang'onoang'ono a axiom. Euclid adalembanso ntchito pazowonera, magawo owoneka bwino, geometry yozungulira, chiphunzitso cha manambala, komanso kulimba kwa masamu.
18 Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking anali English theoretical physics, cosmologist, ndi wolemba. Ntchito zasayansi za Hawking zidaphatikizanso mgwirizano ndi Roger Penrose pamalingaliro amphamvu yokoka munjira yogwirizana kwambiri, komanso kuneneratu kuti mabowo akuda amatulutsa ma radiation, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ma radiation a Hawking.
Hawking anali woyamba kufotokoza chiphunzitso cha cosmology chomwe chinafotokozedwa ndi mgwirizano wa chiphunzitso cha relativity ndi quantum mechanics. Iye anali wothandizira mwamphamvu kutanthauzira kwamayiko ambiri a quantum mechanics. Hawking adachita bwino pazamalonda ndi ntchito zingapo zasayansi zodziwika momwe adakambilana zamalingaliro ake ndi zakuthambo zonse.
19. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart anali wopeka kwambiri komanso wodziwika bwino wanthawi Yachikale. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi moyo waufupi, kuthamanga kwake kwachangu kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zolemba zoposa 800 za mtundu uliwonse wa nthawi yake. Zambiri mwa nyimbozi zimavomerezedwa kuti ndizopamwamba kwambiri za symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, ndi choral repertoire. Mozart ndi m'modzi mwa olemba nyimbo zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya nyimbo zaku Western, ndipo nyimbo zoyamikiridwa chifukwa cha "kukongola kwake kwanyimbo, kukongola kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano ndi kapangidwe kake".
20. Gottfried W. Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz anali katswiri wa masamu, filosofi, wasayansi, ndi kazembe waku Germany. Iye ndi munthu wotchuka m’mbiri yonse ya filosofi ndi mbiri ya masamu. Iye analemba ntchito za filosofi, zamulungu, zamakhalidwe, ndale, malamulo, mbiri yakale, ndi filosofi. Leibniz adathandiziranso kwambiri pazasayansi ndiukadaulo, ndipo amayembekeza malingaliro omwe adadzabwera pambuyo pake m'malingaliro otheka, biology, mankhwala, geology, psychology, linguistics, ndi sayansi yamakompyuta.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, iye anathandiza nawo pa nkhani ya sayansi ya laibulale: pamene anali woyang’anira laibulale ya Wolfenbüttel ku Germany, anakonza njira yolondolera mabuku imene ikanatumikira monga chitsogozo cha malaibulale ambiri aakulu a ku Ulaya. Zopereka za Leibniz pa nkhani zambirimbirizi zinamwazikana m’magazini osiyanasiyana ophunzira, m’malembo zikwi makumi ambiri, ndi m’mipukutu yosasindikizidwa. Iye analemba m’zinenero zingapo, makamaka mu Chilatini, Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani, komanso m’Chingelezi, Chitaliyana ndi Chidatchi.