Maƙarƙashiyar shaƙa tana nufin wuri mai mahimmanci, kamar kunkuntar hanya ko wurin shiga, inda sarrafawa ko rushewar motsi na iya samun tasiri mai mahimmanci ga dalilai na soja, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa. Waɗannan wuraren galibi suna zama a matsayin ƙugiya ko matsuguni masu mahimmanci waɗanda dole ne galibin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, kasuwanci, ko na soji su wuce, wanda hakan ke sa su zama masu fuskantar tashe-tashen hankula na ƙasa, satar fasaha, da sauran barazanar tsaro. Matsalolin shaƙa na iya faruwa a cikin yanayin ruwa da na ƙasa.
- A cikin mahallin teku, wuraren shaƙa kunkuntar hanyoyin ruwa ne waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga kewayawar teku da kasuwanci. Yawancin lokaci ana siffanta su da ƙayyadaddun faɗin su kuma suna da mahimmanci don haɗa manyan jikunan ruwa. Misalai sun haɗa da matsi, magudanar ruwa, ko tashoshi waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe motsin jiragen ruwa tsakanin tekuna ko teku.
- A kan ƙasa, wuraren shaƙa na iya zama siffofi na yanki kamar wucewar tsaunuka, kwaruruka, ko mahaɗar maɓalli waɗanda ke sarrafa damar zuwa wasu wurare. Waɗannan wuraren suna da mahimmancin dabaru don yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, hanyoyin kasuwanci, ko hanyoyin sadarwar sufuri.
Muhimmancin wuraren shaƙa ya ta'allaka ne ga raunin su don sarrafawa ko rushewa. Idan wata al'umma ko wata al'umma za ta iya yin tasiri ko iko a kan wani wurin shaƙatawa, za ta iya yin ƙayyadaddun tsari ko taƙaita zirga-zirgar kayayyaki, mutane, ko kadarorin soja, ta yadda hakan ke yin tasiri ga yanayin yanki ko na duniya. Sakamakon haka, wuraren shaƙawa sukan zama wuraren taruwar gasa ta siyasa, kuma tashe-tashen hankula a waɗannan fagagen na iya haifar da sakamako mai nisa ga dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa, tsaro, da kasuwanci.
Anan ga mahimman abubuwan shaƙa na duniya.
1. Mashigin Hormuz
Mashigin Hormuz wani mashigar ruwa ne tsakanin Tekun Fasha da Tekun Oman. Yana ba da hanyar teku ɗaya tilo daga Tekun Fasha zuwa buɗaɗɗen teku kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dabarun shaƙa a duniya. A gabar tekun arewa akwai Iran, kuma a gabar kudu akwai yankin Musandam, wanda Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Masarautar Musandam ke raba, wani yanki ne na Oman.
Mashigin yana da nisan mil 90 na nautical (kilomita 167) mai tsayi, kuma fadinsa ya bambanta daga kusan 52 nmi (kilomita 96) zuwa 21 nmi (kilomita 39). Kashi uku na iskar iskar gas a duniya da kusan kashi 25 cikin XNUMX na yawan man da ake amfani da shi a duniya suna ratsa mashigin, wanda ya mai da shi wuri mai matukar muhimmanci ga cinikayyar kasa da kasa. Ya kasance haka tsawon ƙarni; Ƙasanta masu yawa sun kasance masu wadata a cikin kayan kasuwanci na alatu ba tare da sauƙin samun tashar jiragen ruwa masu riba ba.
2. Bab-el-Mandeb
Mashigin Bab-el-Mandeb dai wani mashigar ruwa ne da ke tsakanin Yaman da ke gabar tekun Larabawa da Djibouti da Eritriya a yankin kahon Afirka. Yana haɗa Bahar Maliya zuwa Tekun Aden da kuma ta hanyar Tekun Indiya. Mashigin ya samo sunansa ne daga hadurran da ke zuwa kewayansa ko kuma a cewar wani almara na Larabawa, daga alkaluman da girgizar kasa ta nutse a cikin tekun da ya raba yankin Larabawa da Kahon Afirka.
Tazarar ta kusan kilomita 26 (mil 16) daga Ras Menheli a Yemen zuwa Ras Siyyan a Djibouti. Mashigin Bab el-Mandeb yana da faɗin mil 18 a mafi ƙanƙantar wurinsa, yana iyakance zirga-zirgar tanka zuwa tashoshi mai faɗin mil 2 biyu don jigilar kaya da masu fita. Bab-el-Mandeb yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin Tekun Indiya da Bahar Rum ta hanyar Bahar Maliya da Suez Canal.
3. Mashigin Malacca
Mashigin Malacca wani kunkuntar shimfidar ruwa ne, 500 mi (kilomita 800) tsayi kuma daga 40 zuwa 155 mi (65-250 km) fadi, yana tsakanin tsibirin Sumatra na Indonesiya zuwa kudu maso yamma da Malay Peninsula (Malaysia) zuwa arewa maso gabas, hade da tekun Andaman (Tekun Indiya) da mashigin Singapore da tekun Kudancin China (Tekun Pasific) A matsayin babbar tashar jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Tekun Indiya da Kudancin China, yana daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki a duniya. Sunan ta ne bayan Phyllanthus emblica, wanda mazauna wurin suka san shi da bishiyar Malaka, wanda ke girma a yankunan bakin teku tare da macijin.
4. Panama Canal
Mashigin ruwa na Panama wata hanya ce ta ruwa ta wucin gadi mai tsawon kilomita 82 (mil 51) a Panama wacce ta hada Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Fasifik, ta ratsa Tekun Isthmus na Panama, kuma hanyar kasuwanci ce ta teku. Makullin Canal a kowane ƙarshen yana ɗaukar jiragen ruwa har zuwa tafkin Gatun, tafkin ruwa na wucin gadi mai tsayin mita 26 (85 ft) sama da matakin teku, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar lalata kogin Chagres da tafkin Alajuela don rage yawan aikin haƙa da ake buƙata don magudanar ruwa, sannan saukar da jiragen ruwa a ɗayan ƙarshen.
Matsakaicin 200,000,000 L (52,000,000 US gal) na ruwa mai kyau ana amfani dashi a wucewa ɗaya na jirgi. Hanyar hanyar Canal ta Panama tana rage lokacin da jiragen ruwa ke tafiya tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pasifik, yana ba su damar gujewa doguwar hanya mai haɗari a kusa da iyakar kudancin Amurka ta hanyar Drake Passage ko Strait na Magellan. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi wahala ayyukan injiniya da aka taɓa gudanarwa.
5. Suez Canal
Suez Canal wata hanyar ruwa ce ta wucin gadi a Masar, tana haɗa Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Bahar Maliya ta cikin Isthmus na Suez da kuma raba Afirka da Asiya (kuma ta hanyar tsawaita, yankin Sinai daga sauran Masarautar). Canal mai tsawon kilomita 193.30 (120.11 mi) hanya ce ta kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Asiya. Yana ba da jiragen ruwa hanyar kai tsaye tsakanin Arewacin Atlantic da arewacin tekun Indiya ta Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya, da guje wa Kudancin Atlantic da kudancin tekun Indiya.
Canal yana rage nisan tafiya daga Tekun Arabiya zuwa London da kusan kilomita 8,900 (5,500 mi), zuwa kwanaki 10 a 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) ko kwanaki 8 a 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph). ). Magudanar ruwa ta taso daga tashar arewacin Port Said zuwa tashar kudancin Port Tewfik a birnin Suez. Magudanar ruwa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta soja a matsayin gajeriyar hanya ta sojojin ruwa da wurin shakewa. Sojojin ruwa da ke da bakin teku da sansanoni a kan Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya (Masar da Isra'ila) suna da sha'awa ta musamman ga mashigin Suez.
6. Mashigin Gibraltar
Mashigin Gibraltar wani ƙunƙunciyar mashigar da ke haɗa Tekun Atlantika zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum kuma ya raba Turai da Afirka. An raba nahiyoyin biyu da nisan kilomita 13 (mil 8.1; mil 7.0 na ruwa) na teku a mashigar mashigar mafi kunkuntar tsakanin Point Marroquí a Spain da Point Cires a Maroko. Mashigin ya ta'allaka ne a yankin ruwan Maroko, Spain, da yankin Gibraltar na Burtaniya na ketare.
7. Mashigar Dover
Mashigar Dover ko Dover Strait ita ce mashigin mafi ƙanƙanta na Tashar Ingilishi, wanda ke nuna iyaka tsakanin Tashar da Tekun Arewa, da raba Biritaniya da Nahiyar Turai. Mafi ƙarancin nisa a kan mashigin, kusan mil 20 (kilomita 32), ya fito ne daga Kudancin Foreland, arewa maso gabas da Dover a cikin lardin Kent na Ingilishi, zuwa Cap Gris Nez, wani kambi kusa da Calais a cikin yankin Faransa na Pas-de. - Calais. Gaba dayan mashigin yana cikin yankin ruwan Faransa da Ingila.
8. Mashigin Magellan
Mashigin Magellan, wanda kuma ake kira mashigin Magellan, hanya ce ta teku mai kewayawa a kudancin Chile wacce ke raba babban yankin Kudancin Amurka zuwa arewa da Tierra del Fuego a kudu. An dauki mashigin a matsayin mafi mahimmancin hanyar halitta tsakanin tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Mashigin yana da kusan kilomita 570 (310 nmi; 350 mi) tsayi kuma kilomita 2 (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) faɗi a mafi ƙanƙanta wurinsa.
A cikin 1520, balaguron Sipaniya na Ferdinand Magellan, wanda aka sanya wa macijin suna, ya zama Turawa na farko da suka gano shi. Hanyar yana da wuyar tafiya saboda yawan ƙunci da iska da magudanan ruwa marasa tabbas. Tukin jirgin ruwa a yanzu ya zama tilas. Macijin ya fi guntu kuma ya fi mafaka fiye da hanyar Drake Passage, babbar hanyar budaddiyar guguwa da ke kusa da Cape Horn, wadda ke tattare da iska mai yawan gaske da tsaunin kankara.
9. Tashar Beagle
Tashar Beagle wani mashifi ne a cikin Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, a kan iyakar kudancin Amurka ta Kudu tsakanin Chile da Argentina. Tashar ta raba babban babban tsibirin Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego daga wasu kananan tsibiran da suka hada da tsibiran Picton, Lennox da Nueva; Navarino; Mai masaukin baki; Londonderry; da Stewart. Yankin Gabas ta tashar tashar ta ƙunshi wani yanki na kan iyaka tsakanin Chile da Argentina kuma yankin yamma gabaɗaya yana cikin Chile.
Tashar Beagle, Mashigin Magellan zuwa arewa, da kuma buɗaɗɗen tekun Drake Passage zuwa kudu su ne hanyoyin kewayawa guda uku a kusa da Kudancin Amurka tsakanin Tekun Pacific da Tekun Atlantika. Yawancin jigilar kayayyaki na kasuwanci suna amfani da buɗaɗɗen teku Drake Passage. Tashar Beagle tana da kusan kilomita 240 (130 nmi; 150 mi) tsayi kuma kilomita 5 (3 nmi; 3 mi) faɗi a mafi ƙanƙanta wurinsa. Ya tashi daga tsibirin Nueva a gabas zuwa Darwin Sound da Cook Bay a Tekun Pasifik a yamma.
10. Drake Passage
Wurin Drake shine jikin ruwa tsakanin Cape Horn ta Kudancin Amurka, Chile, Argentina da tsibiran Shetland ta Kudu na Antarctica. Yana haɗa yankin kudu maso yammacin Tekun Atlantika (Tekun Scotia) da yankin kudu maso gabas na Tekun Pasifik kuma ya wuce zuwa Kudancin Tekun. Sunan nassi bayan mai binciken Ingilishi na ƙarni na 16 kuma mai sirri Sir Francis Drake. Ana ɗaukar hanyar Drake Passage ɗaya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen yaudarar jiragen ruwa.
Yanzu a latitude ɗinsa ba sa samun juriya daga kowace ƙasa, kuma raƙuman ruwa suna sama da ƙafa 40 (m12), suna ba shi suna don kasancewa "mafi ƙarfin haɗuwar tekuna". Kamar yadda hanyar Drake Passage ita ce mafi kunkuntar hanya (matsalar shaƙa) a kusa da Antarctica, kasancewarsa da siffarsa suna tasiri sosai akan zagayawan ruwa a kusa da Antarctica da kewayar tekun duniya, da yanayin duniya. Bathymetry na Drake Passage yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a haɗar ruwan teku a duniya.
11. Cape of Good Bege
Cape of Good Hope ƙasa ce mai daɗaɗaɗɗiya a bakin tekun Atlantika na Tekun Cape Peninsula a Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da bin gefen yammacin gabar tekun Afirka daga ma'adanin, duk da haka, Cape of Good Hope yana nuna wurin da jirgin ya fara tafiya zuwa gabas fiye da kudu. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan kogin Kudancin Tekun Atlantika, ya daɗe yana da ma'ana ta musamman ga matuƙan ruwa. Ana amfani da Cape of Good Hope a matsayin madadin hanyar zuwa Canal Suez, don jiragen ruwa da ke buƙatar wata hanya dabam daga Tekun Indiya.
12. Bering Strait
Mashigin Bering wata mashigar ruwa ce tsakanin Tekun Pasifik da Tekun Arctic, wanda ya raba yankin Chukchi na Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha da Seward Peninsula na Alaska. Mashigin tekun Bering yana da nisan kusan kilomita 82 (mita 51) a mafi ƙanƙantar wurinsa, tsakanin Cape Dezhnev, Chukchi Peninsula, Rasha, yankin gabas na nahiyar Asiya da Cape Prince na Wales, Alaska, Amurka, mafi yammacin yammacin Arewa. nahiyar Amurka. Sunan mashigar bayan Vitus Bering, wani ɗan ƙasar Denmark mai bincike a hidimar Daular Rasha.
13. Bosphorus Strait
Mashigar ruwa ta Bosporus ko Bosphorus mashigar ruwa ce ta dabi'a kuma babbar hanyar ruwa ta kasa da kasa dake birnin Istanbul na kasar Turkiyya. Bosporus ya haɗu da Bahar Black zuwa Tekun Marmara kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin iyakokin nahiyoyi tsakanin Asiya da Turai. Haka kuma ta raba Turkiyya ta hanyar raba yankin Anatoliya da Thrace. Ita ce mashigar mafi kunkuntar a duniya da ake amfani da ita don kewayawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Mashigin ruwa na Bosporus da mashigin Dardanelles dake kishiyar tekun Marmara tare ake kiran mashigin Turkiyya.
14. Dardanelles Strait
Dardanelles, wanda kuma aka sani da Mashigin Gallipoli (bayan Gallipoli Peninsula) kuma a zamanin gargajiya kamar yadda Hellespont, kunkuntar, madaidaicin yanayi ne kuma babbar hanyar ruwa ta duniya a arewa maso yammacin Turkiyya wanda ya zama wani yanki na iyakar nahiyar tsakanin Asiya da Turai kuma ya rabu. Asiya Turkiyya daga Turai Turkiyya. Tare da Bosporus, Dardanelles sun kafa mashigin Turkiyya.
Daya daga cikin kunkuntar matsi na duniya da ake amfani da shi don kewayawa na kasa da kasa, Dardanelles ya haɗu da Tekun Marmara tare da Tekun Aegean da Bahar Rum yayin da yake ba da izinin wucewa zuwa Bahar Black ta hanyar fadada ta hanyar Bosporus. Dardanelles yana da kilomita 61 (mita 38) tsayi kuma 1.2 zuwa kilomita 6 (0.75 zuwa 3.73 mi) faɗi. Yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 55 (180 ft) tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 103 (338 ft) a mafi ƙanƙantar wurinsa kusa da birnin Çanakkale.
15. Magudanar Tartari
Mashigin Tartary ko Gulf of Tartary wani mashigar ruwa ne a Tekun Pasifik da ke raba tsibirin Sakhalin na Rasha daga babban yankin Asiya (kudu-maso-gabas Rasha), ya haɗa Tekun Okhotsk (Mashigin Nevelskoy) a arewa da Tekun Japan a kudu. . Yana da nisan kilomita 632 (393 mi) tsayi, kilomita 7-342 (4.3-212.5 mi) faɗinsa, kuma ƙasa da 210 m (690 ft) zurfin zurfinsa.
16. Khyber Pass
Hanyar Khyber Pass, wata mashigar dutse ce a lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Pakistan, kan iyaka da lardin Nangarhar na Afghanistan. Yana haɗa garin Landi Kotal zuwa kwarin Peshawar a Jamrud ta hanyar ratsa wani ɓangare na Farin Dutse. Tun da yake wani ɓangare ne na tsohuwar hanyar siliki, ta kasance hanya mai mahimmanci ta kasuwanci tsakanin Asiya ta Tsakiya da yankin Indiya da kuma dabarun shaƙa soji ga jihohi daban-daban waɗanda ke sarrafa ta. Hanyar Khyber tana daya daga cikin shahararrun hanyoyin wucewar tsaunuka a duniya.
Kammalawa
Ba za a iya faɗi mahimmancin geopolitical na waɗannan wuraren shaƙatawa ba. Waɗannan ƴan ƙunƙun hanyoyi su ne tushen rayuwar kasuwancin duniya, kuma duk wani cikas ko tashe-tashen hankula/ rikice-rikice a cikin waɗannan yankuna galibi suna da sakamako mai nisa, wanda ke shafar kwanciyar hankali na kasuwannin duniya, farashin makamashi, da kuma yanayin yanayin siyasa gaba ɗaya. Ƙasashen da ke da iko ko tasiri a kan waɗannan hanyoyin dabarun za su iya yin amfani da karfi da ƙarfi a cikin lamuran duniya. Ƙoƙarin tabbatar da tsaro da kwanciyar hankali na waɗannan mahimman hanyoyi na da mahimmanci don kiyaye kwararar kayayyaki da albarkatu cikin kwanciyar hankali a fage na ƙasa da ƙasa.